Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Plato and Aristotle. The Fate of the Human Soul after Death

Plato and Aristotle. The Fate of the Human Soul after Death Introduction Since the emergence of religion and the study of philosophy, the fate of the human soul after death has been an issue that has attracted much attention. Most philosophers have differed over the issue and put forward theories and explanations to validate their stands. On the other hand, religion has maintained that the soul is immortal and survives the death of the body. Two of the greatest philosophers of early time, Plato and Aristotle, held contradicting views and explanations as to the fate of the soul. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Plato and Aristotle. The Fate of the Human Soul after Death specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Plato argued that the soul is immortal and therefore survives the death of the body. In contrast, Plato argued that the soul cannot exist without the body and it therefore perishes together with the body at death. Both philosophers put forward arguments to support their stand on the matter. However, there is no definite agreement as to the issue and remains a matter of faith for religions and speculation for free thinkers. Discussion Plato based his stand on several arguments. First, he taught that good people receive rewards both in this earthly life and in the afterlife. He argued that goodness was not a means to an end but an end in itself. This was one of the basics of his teaching of the immortality of the soul. He believed that the association between the soul and the body served to deform its pure state. Despite the deformation, the soul retained a certain portion of its real nature with its expression in the longing for wisdom. This argument supports his teaching that the destruction of an object results only from its own evil. As such, the soul can only meet destruction through its own inner evils. Plato maintained that immortality is the only affliction of the soul that can only harm it even though no evidence exists to explain the effect of dea th on the soul Secondly, Plato used reincarnation to advance his stand further. At the time, the Greeks held a belief that everything that was in existence was in a recurring cycle that was eternal. As such, Plato believed that death and life were complementary and one came after the other. He gave the example of sleep. After sleep a person wakes up and after waking up, sleep follows. The same was with death and life: they were cyclic and therefore one came after the other. As such, the soul cannot die because there is life after death. Thirdly, he argued that the soul existed before the body. He supported this statement by observing that humans possess a special kind of knowledge in the ability to draw comparisons. This is evidence of a pre-existent soul. He however claims that this knowledge is lost at birth and retraced with the special help of an instructor. Aristotle used scientific approach by combining biology and metaphysics concepts to explain the idea of the immortality of the soul. Aristotle taught that the unity of the soul and the body was crucial and therefore, the soul cannot exist alone without the body. He argued that the soul’s main purpose is development and that this is only possible in association with the body. Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, the sole purpose of the soul is dependent on the body and if the body dies, then the soul succumbs to the death too because it cannot exist alone. Aristotle further held the belief that the soul was responsible for the existence of the body as the source of locomotion and other changes. Based on this claim, he stated that the soul could not survive death since it was the source of locomotion for the body. The view that substances possess specific body forms enhanced Aristotle’s claim. He claimed that an inward soul that these substances possessed maintained them in ex istence. He viewed the soul as a collection of reason moved by a need for significance. As such, different life forces that served different purposes made up the soul. Upon death of the body, these forces returned to their source leading to the disintegration of the soul. In addition, he believed that the body came into existence before the soul. This implies that the ability to reason developed before the ability to feel. As such, the body must have initiated the development of the soul hence its immortality. Aristotle’s arguments are more plausible compared Plato’s. Plato’s arguments are highly metaphysical and complex to comprehend. Plato’s arguments are simple, logical and easily conceivable by the mind. The inclusion of scientific and metaphysical knowledge makes his arguments all-inclusive and easy to conceive and understand. Conclusion The fate of the human soul after death has been an issue of much attention. Most philosophers have differed over the issue and put forward theories and explanations to validate their stands. On the other hand, religion has maintained that the soul is immortal and survives the death of the body. Plato and Aristotle had their contribution on the issue and it is still today a matter of either faith or speculation. Precisely, Aristotle’s arguments are more plausible than those of Plato are.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

4 Senses Animals Have That Humans Dont

4 Senses Animals Have That Humans Don't Radar guns, magnetic compasses, and infrared detectors are all man-made inventions that enable humans to stretch beyond the five natural senses of sight, taste, smell, feel, and hearing. But  these gadgets are far from original. Evolution equipped some animals with these extra senses millions of years before humans evolved. Echolocation Toothed whales (a family of marine mammals that includes dolphins), bats, and some ground- and tree-dwelling shrews use echolocation to navigate their surroundings. These animals emit  high-frequency sound pulses, either very high-pitched to human ears or completely inaudible, and then detect the echoes produced by those sounds. Special ear and brain adaptations enable these animals to build three-dimensional pictures of their surroundings. Bats, for example, have enlarged ear flaps that gather and direct sound toward their thin, super-sensitive eardrums. Infrared and Ultraviolet Vision Rattlesnakes and other pit vipers use their eyes to see during the day, like most other vertebrate animals. But at night, these reptiles employ infrared sensory organs to detect and hunt warm-blooded prey that would otherwise be completely invisible. These infrared eyes are cup-like structures that form crude images as infrared radiation hits a heat-sensitive retina. Some animals, including eagles, hedgehogs, and shrimp, can also see into the lower reaches of the ultraviolet spectrum. Human beings are unable to see either infrared or ultraviolet light with the naked eye. Electric Sense The omnipresent electric fields produced by some animals function like senses. Electric eels and some species of rays have modified muscle cells that produce electric charges strong enough to shock  and sometimes kill their prey. Other fish (including many sharks) use weaker electric fields to help them navigate murky waters, home in on prey or monitor their surroundings. For instance, bony fish (and some frogs) possess lateral lines on either side of their bodies, a row of sensory pores in the skin that detect electrical currents in the water. Magnetic Sense The flow of molten material in the earths core and the flow of ions in the earths atmosphere generate a magnetic field that surrounds the planet. Just as compasses point humans toward magnetic north, animals possessing a magnetic sense can orient themselves in specific directions and navigate long distances. Behavioral studies have revealed that animals as diverse as honey bees, sharks, sea turtles, rays, homing pigeons, migratory birds, tuna, and salmon all have magnetic senses. Unfortunately, the details about how these animals actually sense the earths magnetic field are not yet known. One clue may be small deposits of magnetite in these animals nervous systems. These magnet-like crystals align themselves with the earths magnetic fields and may act like microscopic compass needles.   Edited by Bob Strauss

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Child Labor in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child Labor in America - Essay Example Traditionally, slavery has been considered as a means for promoting the interests of specific groups of the society. In the long past, slavery was considered as part of most countries’ social and economic life. The development of international law has led many people to believe that slavery would be significantly limited, a target that, even today, seems quite difficult to be achieved. In accordance with a report of 2000, the people suffered from slavery globally are estimated to 27 million (New York Times 2000).Moreover, it has been proved that the terms of slavery have been changed. People with significant economic or social power are no more, at least not exclusively, responsible for the development of slave. People of average income are likely to force other people to slavery. At the same time, slavery is no more an issue of race; rather people of all races are forced to slavery, in various forms, a fact that proves the severe gaps of national and international laws in reg ard to the specific issue. Particular emphasis should be given on child labor, which is highly developed worldwide. In USA, about 45,000 women and children are forced to non-decent jobs annually, as reported by the Central Intelligence AgencyIt seems that the promotion of slavery worldwide has supported the increase of child labor under terms which can be characterized as quite unfair and cruel, taking into consideration the fact that children who are forced to work do not have, usually, access to education, as other children worldwide. The modern forms of slavery are analyzed in the article of Lehoczky (2000); the above researcher notes that, today, slavery is more expanded and more difficult to be controlled than in the past. At the next level, Lehoczky (2000) refers to the view of Bales who noted that today slaves exist not only in countries of the Third World, but also ‘in London and Paris’ (Lehoczky 2000). In such environment, child labor has been significantly exp anded. An example of the extension of the particular phenomenon is the following one, as described by Bales, the views of whose on slavery have been incorporated in the article of Lehoczky: a North African girl was taken, as a child, by a France family, who ensured that they were going to pay for her studies, under the terms that the girl would work for them (Bales, in Lehoczky 2000). The result was that the girl was forced to work, being also abused, at such level that when she grew up her level of consciousness was that of a child (Bales, in Lehoczky 2000). The above example shows the potential effects, and the cruelty, of child labor even in developed countries, where, normally, no such phenomena would be expected to exist. Kevin Bales, ‘a professor of sociology at Roehampton University in London’ (Vision Media 2007), has been trying, for many years, to combat slavery. In accordance with Bales, slavery has been traditionally based on economics, meaning that people ar e likely to force others to slavery in order ‘to make a profit’ (Vision Media 2007). At the next level, Bales notes that the control of slavery is often quite difficult, being covered under processes which seem to be legal; an indicative example is the provision by Japan of about ‘100,000 entertainer – visas annually’ (Vision Media 2007). As a result, thousands of young girls have entered Japan, being promised that they were going to work; in practice, these girls end up in slavery (Vision Media 2007). Specifically, regarding the child labor, Bales notes that the problem has become major not just in developing countries, but also in developed countries, even in USA where significant efforts have been made for controlling the particular phenomenon. In fact, it seems that in USA children work in the production line of well known brands, such as GAP and NIKE (Bales 1999, p.236). The expansion of child labor can be made clear

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Discuss the development of garvey's UNIA.what were the factors that Essay

Discuss the development of garvey's UNIA.what were the factors that made Garvey develop his organisationwhat role did geography - Essay Example He immersed himself into books in his quest for more knowledge to complement what he had gained from elementary school. Marcus Garvey’s quest for knowledge saw him travel widely in the Caribbean, Latin America and eventually he landed in London England. His education gave him an advantage over other people of African descent for he was able to secure employment in places where he visited. His position at different newspaper publishing companies gave him an insight into the prevailing conditions and circumstances under which people of African descent were experiencing. It is through his interaction with the outside world that Marcus Garvey became interested in advocating for minority human rights especially for those of African descent. The aim of this paper is to answer questions aimed at illuminating the role that Marcus Garvey played in the development of Pan-Africanism. Marcus Garvey’s exploits in the diaspora saw him attend the Birkbeck College in London where he st udied law and philosophy. His wide travels availed Marcus Garvey the opportunity to interact with a wide range of people from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. This experience gave him the chance to know and understand different people’s opinions and perceptions of the African race in relation to their lives. He was able to realize that there was wide spread discrimination against individuals of African descent even in the minority races. During his stay in London, he worked for a newspaper called the African Times and Orient Review that was published by Duse Mohamed Ali who is claimed to have had significant influence on Marcus Garvey. His desire to address the oppressed and diminished position of people of African descent in society saw him sometimes address public gatherings in London. Marcus’ talks are said to have been greatly influenced by Booker T. Washington, Henry McNeal and Martin Delany who advocated for minority groups’ equal represe ntation in society. It is highly probable that Duse Mohammed’s Islamic principles played a critical role in influencing Marcus to form the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). UNIA was first established in his home country Jamaica in 1914 under the motto ‘One God, One Aim, One Destiny’. The factors that led to the formation of UNIA by Marcus Garvey were based on the ultimate goal of securing economic, social and political freedom for all people of African descent in the world outside and inside Africa. Marcus saw the need for a united forum through which individuals from minority groups could use to advocate for their rights and freedoms. In 1921, Marcus Garvey was able to garner support from most of the small African associations in a National conference. This strengthened his UNIA organization, which saw its membership swell to between 60 and 70 thousand members. This consolidation enabled him to gain a wider appeal and audience through representatio n by the different groups that UNIA had assimilated, and in turn furthering its agenda. His relocation to the United States of America furthered UNIA’s ambition because the realities of African-American oppression and discrimination were more pronounced than in Europe. This was particularly in London where he had a first hand experience of treatment and perception of people of African descent received from the whites. Marcus’ experiences in US prompted him to advance his organization’

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Eriksonian Perspective Essay Example for Free

Eriksonian Perspective Essay Greene (1991) described Eriksonian perspective on human development from the idea of epigenesis, in which each developmental stage depends upon the resolution and completion of the previous one. This idea proposed that anything that growth has a concrete map, from which it is understood that each stage has its time of passing. The Greene’s description advocates that human development is biopsychosocial and it is present throughout the human life. It is driven by a biologically set plan with the social identity being conditioned by a social factor. Erikson argued that the human ego strives to improvement that is toward mastery of its environment. Thus personal effectiveness being promoted by the social organization becomes the driven mechanism behind the progression of each stage. Erikson derived eight developmental stages with each the pitcome of the resolution serving as the first step toward the next progressively superior stage (Greene, 1991). Although each and different culture resolves the unique requirements for the development differently, such progression is said to be universal in all cultures and human organizations. Thus we can observe a common denominator that according to Erikson (Greene, 1991) is a biological program toward improvement. Baltes, Lindenberger Staudinge (1999) supported Greene’s view but attempted to view the stages of development from the practical perspective. They saw the personality’s progression through the life stages as adaptive mechanism formed and guided with the needs and pressures of the environment. In other words, they inclined more to the point of view in which the environment rather than biology was the major player in the human development. Based on this assumption, the authors suggested to view at lifespan psychology from the individual’s standpoint suggesting that two different people would develop differently even under exactly the same environmental stimuli. Ontogenesis or the study of individual development (Baltes et al. , 1999) appears to be more practical and functional. It considers the individual’s concern of â€Å"acquisition, maintenance, transformation, and attrition† (Baltes et al. , 1999) adaptive processes throughout the lifespan. However, such â€Å"Westernized notion† is not eagerly shared by some researchers (Coughlan Welsh-Breetzke, 2002). They, in particular, suggested that Eriksonian perspective is male-dominated and was presented in the Westernized context thus making individualized and masculianized human development as the blanket for the theory. According to them, such propagation of â€Å"individuality, competition, self-interest, comparative judgment, and value imperialism† devalues other life systems and steps away from the diversified views of human development. As Erikson argued (Greene, 1991) the child’s personality is first affected by the mother and then transformed through the developmental stages within and by small groups, large groups, organizations, governments, religions, and the mankind at large. The child in infancy was thought to obey inner laws of development; the inner drives that lead the child toward realization of the full potential through interaction with the environment. Such interaction with the environment causes inner restructuring of personality traits, which, through integration and synthesis, leads toward the full and complete realization of that particular stage. From Greene’s work (1991) we learn that stage 1 which is called â€Å"Basic Trust Versus basic Mistrust† lasts through two years of age and involves the establishment of trust by the infant toward the members of the family. The most illustrative of such can be little Michelle, the character from the Full House. Her interactions constantly bring the development of new personality that can be characterized by newly developed psychosocial strength (i. e. higher degree of confidence in her communications). The second stage, â€Å"Autonomy Versus Shame† is characterized with developing of self-control and not loosing the â€Å"face† in the process. Such emphasis on self-esteem is important because the children of this age easily become shamed and can develop psychosocial issues of holding on and letting go (Christiansen Palkovitz,1998). The successful resolution of this stage manifests in the child’s ability to become more independent, with some gender differences. For example (Christiansen Palkovitz, 1998) argued that male infants on his stage of development are more individualistic than their female counterparts. Coming back to Full House characters, we indeed, see that the little Michelle (once she became a little older) tends to gravitate toward her sisters and continuously seeking their approval. The child on the stage three, Initiative Versus Guilt, develops the sense of purpose, especially noticeable during the playtime. The sense of purpose drives the child toward the active exploration of the environment and according to Erikson (Greene, 1991) brings her to the discovery of the lack of a penis. Contrary to the Freud, Erikson believed that such and inevitable (in some societies) discovery of â€Å"inequity† is driven more so socially than biologically (Greene, 1991). The successful resolution of this stage is uninhibited involvement in play with other playmates. The children on the stage four, Industry Versus Inferiority, start school. This is a major transition in their lives and involved changing of perspective from the small family-based group to the larger social groups. According to Eriksonian perspective, the main drive for children on this stage is to become industrial which involves developing skills and competence through meaningful performances. The crisis on this stage may occur when the child’s self-efficacy is undermined. Learning collaborative skills and experiences can be critical at this stage of development. Stacy in Full House was often intimidated by collaborative involvement trying to achieve the performance of tasks independently. Her father and uncles often taught her that learning how to collaborate and contribute would make things easier and more effective. Almost each episode suggested how Stacy (and her sisters) put a lot of effort toward performing any task. The child experiencing successes at creating and producing some value together with his or her peers (or parents) is critical toward the stage resolution (Greene, 1991). From the age of 12 through 22, the adolescent experiences Identity Versus Identity Confusion. This is the stage when adolescent develops into the young adult and is seeking personal and unique identity. The stability of self-representation is crucial and is manifested in the desire to develop autonomy from parents, individuality of opinions, acceptance of his or her sexual preferences, and commitment to the career choices. The struggling with the issue of selfness often causes to name such stage as the most difficult. During the stage, the influence of peer groups become most consuming and focuses of interaction. The ability to sustain loyalties is the desired outcome of the resolution for this stage. Either polarity we can see in characters of the movies like Girl Interrupted, Mean Girls, Even Stevens, and others. It is an uninterrupted parade of searched identities and strive for the independence in opinions and attitudes. When the young adult enters stage six (22 through 34) he or she enters Intimacy versus isolation. The focus of his or her life becomes developing of the meaningful relationships and seeking the intimacy experiences. This is the stage when most adults develop meaningful relationships to start a family. Becoming a loner and shutting down others is a crisis to compare to a resolution of this stage. Many film features exhibit important characteristics of selfless love, on one side, and ruined families on another as picturesque illustration of this stage’s characteristics. One of the features that come to mind is Click, in which the main character is taught a lesson that commitment to family is more important than personal comfort. Even the legendary Casanova in the feature with the same name shows that final offering of commitment to start a family was an only choice. When a person advances in years and through the stages of development on to the stage 7, Generativity Versus Stagnation, he or se is concerned with teaching and guiding the next generation. The proficiency of this stage is usually takes in an ability of taking care of others (Christiansen Palkovitz,1998). The crisis may result when the person feels stagnated without being able to share personal expertise to others, especially the younger generation. This is tremendously visible in Full House as the father of the girls is trying his best to teach and guide his children. He is visibly content and happy when his instructions and guidance are accepted. The final stage, starting at about 60 deals with Integrity Versus Despair. This is when the person is concerned of personal usefulness to others during his or her lifetime. As Greene wrote in his book, â€Å"Integrity is achieved by individuals who have few regrets, who have lived productive lives, and who cope as well with their failures as they do with their successes. † There is an appreciation of the life as the whole and a content of the life well lived. People with full resolution of this stage are not afraid of death, thus develop what we call wisdom. The feature Bicentennial Man shows that quite vividly. The android becoming a human develops wisdom through the personal choice of growing old and dying in the course of the old age, although as android he could live forever. In conclusion, it is worth noticing that despite the fact that the study examines the idea of epigenesis, one can find that the transition from one developmental stage to another is not always exactly predetermined by age. For example, fro Erikson’s argument, each stage has a certain age limit. However, we are aware that not everyone fits exactly in to such age limitation and depending upon the unique characteristics of personality, micro-culture (i. e. family), group culture (i. e. school), and macro-culture (i. e. government) the age boundaries for each stage might be different. The idea that everything that growth has a concrete map from which it is understood that each stage has a certain time of passing has been observed empirically on many living species. However, we cannot claim that each species has exactly the same time passing for each stage of growth. There will be some differentiation. In such, experimental results that examine the life cycle of one species will weaken the above-discussed theory due to the fact that it is very difficult if not impossible to determine the exact age boundaries between the developmental stages from one representative of the species to another. My personal opinion lies in parallel with this conclusion. Observing my own developing in contrast with Eriksonian perspective, I find that stage four, for example, and in my case, extended before age six and way after age 12. My stage five began at age 14 rather than according to Erikson’s perspective, age 12. Many a time, the stage six begin after the age of 24 (not 22) and continues through early 40s (at least with my acquaintances). Thus, the exact map of stage development is not so exact, after all, and depends upon numerous factors I already have mentioned. Penuel (1995) in his article put the focus on identity formation. According to him, although this research primarily was based on Eriksonian perspective, there is a clear notion that each and single individual develops his or her identity not necessarily in agreement with concrete time schedule of Erikson’s stages of development. Penuel made a point that despite the fact that Vygotsky offered theoretical foundation of identity formation, the specific guidelines behind sociocultural influence on identity were not set. Penuel urged not to replace Vigotsky’s view on the identity development by Erikson’s theory but to integrate both. Thus, the main study point in Penvue’s article would be strong but not mechanistic influence of sociocultural processes on the identity formation. The discussion presented in this work strengthen my ideas that the development of an identity is more affected by external factors, like micro-culture, group-culture, and macro-culture and is not always follows the strict age-set boundaries. Observing my own and my friends’ identity formation support this notion. Stevenson-Hinde (1994) looked at human development from the different perspective. It is more systemic as in the behaviors are interconnected within the specific system, and in thus if one component is affected others are affected as well. Such perspective deviates even more from he straightforward Erikson’s theory. It is not anymore the stage development but the systemic organization of behaviors, according to Stevenson-Hinde. This study weakens the theory and my idea about the identity formation. Although and without argument some behaviors are interrelated, this fact is not necessarily the cause of identity formulation. The effect comes from the external environment thus the sociocultural characteristics affect the identity development more than the resulting set of behaviors. This conclusion s supported by self-observation. Examining my own interrelated behaviors I clearly see that those are the effect not the cause of the environmental influences. Thus environmental influences affect my behaviors that in turn help in identity formation. Horst (1995) argued with the general notion that the Erikson’s perspective did not consider accurate depiction of development through the lenses of gender. According to her claim, contrary would be more accurate. Careful study of Erikson’s stages of development does consider the gender identity in which gender is relational to components of identity formation. The point of her article is thus, to consider that the gender has an influence on identity formation. This study strengthens my views on the theory in its notion of the gender influence. Certainly, male and female would not develop equally and would not manifest the same identity formation. The differential depends upon their own perspective of self as either male or female. Even more so, how their external environment views them on the gender scale: from less feminine to more feminine and from less muscular to more muscular. Thus, their identity is formed not only from the point of view of being a human but also being a male and female and its specific location on the gender scale. My personal observations support this viewpoint. External attitudes, first from my immediate family and then from my friends) confirmed and helped me develop my identity IQ and specifically my gender identity IQ.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Wife of Bath as a Feminist Essay -- The Wife of Bath Essays

The Wife of Bath’s Tale features a character that seemed to resemble a feminist. But in Chaucer’s time, feminism was thought to be abnormal and the pilgrims reacted negatively towards her for it, but The Wife of Bath had no shame about displaying herself as she really was. She was not ashamed of the fact that she had been married five times, and was about to marry again and she hid nothing. The prologue of this tale showed that the Wife of Bath was not seen as an upstanding woman, nor did she desire to be seen as one. She portrayed feminism, almost as soon as she began speaking in the prologue, she explained that she had gone through five husbands, and she was on the look out for a sixth. She also admitted that she married for money: "I’ll tell the truth. Those husbands I had, three of them were good and two of them bad. The three I call â€Å"good† were rich and old. They could indeed with difficulty hold the articles that bound them all to me† (Bath 263). She even went to the point of saying that she didn’t value her husbands’ love. Then again, why should she? She received what she wanted which was money, control, and anything that she desired, they provided. The Wife of Bath thought that all women needed to be the controlling factors in marriage. That is how she believed she would gain her husbands’ money. She claimed that if women can’t marry for money, they must marry for sex, for those are the only two things that really matter. Women must have control of their husbands, according to the Wife, and she is proud of the fact that she governed her husbands. If she had to put them in their place, she would make her husbands feel guilty, even if they had nothing to feel guilty about. The Wife exaggerated with her accusations, showin... ...raitor, you say she’s game for any fornicator.† (Bath 265). The wife wanted what every woman wants in a relationship which was POWER. The Wife of Bath came across as a very fake woman. So how would she be portrayed in today’s society? There are plenty of women out there who marry for money. Some of them like to publicize it, while others do not. There is only one thing that would make The Wife of Bath not as successful today, which is the law. Most men who do come from money, or have earned their own wealth, watch it closely. There are protectors out there, and contracts such as a pre-nuptial agreement. But The Wife played it well as she would wait until the husband would die. In that case, she would gain his wealth. But in my opinion, I have a hard time thinking that a man would stick around with an ugly old woman that liked to beat him and never honor his love. The Wife of Bath as a Feminist Essay -- The Wife of Bath Essays The Wife of Bath’s Tale features a character that seemed to resemble a feminist. But in Chaucer’s time, feminism was thought to be abnormal and the pilgrims reacted negatively towards her for it, but The Wife of Bath had no shame about displaying herself as she really was. She was not ashamed of the fact that she had been married five times, and was about to marry again and she hid nothing. The prologue of this tale showed that the Wife of Bath was not seen as an upstanding woman, nor did she desire to be seen as one. She portrayed feminism, almost as soon as she began speaking in the prologue, she explained that she had gone through five husbands, and she was on the look out for a sixth. She also admitted that she married for money: "I’ll tell the truth. Those husbands I had, three of them were good and two of them bad. The three I call â€Å"good† were rich and old. They could indeed with difficulty hold the articles that bound them all to me† (Bath 263). She even went to the point of saying that she didn’t value her husbands’ love. Then again, why should she? She received what she wanted which was money, control, and anything that she desired, they provided. The Wife of Bath thought that all women needed to be the controlling factors in marriage. That is how she believed she would gain her husbands’ money. She claimed that if women can’t marry for money, they must marry for sex, for those are the only two things that really matter. Women must have control of their husbands, according to the Wife, and she is proud of the fact that she governed her husbands. If she had to put them in their place, she would make her husbands feel guilty, even if they had nothing to feel guilty about. The Wife exaggerated with her accusations, showin... ...raitor, you say she’s game for any fornicator.† (Bath 265). The wife wanted what every woman wants in a relationship which was POWER. The Wife of Bath came across as a very fake woman. So how would she be portrayed in today’s society? There are plenty of women out there who marry for money. Some of them like to publicize it, while others do not. There is only one thing that would make The Wife of Bath not as successful today, which is the law. Most men who do come from money, or have earned their own wealth, watch it closely. There are protectors out there, and contracts such as a pre-nuptial agreement. But The Wife played it well as she would wait until the husband would die. In that case, she would gain his wealth. But in my opinion, I have a hard time thinking that a man would stick around with an ugly old woman that liked to beat him and never honor his love.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Importance of Point of View in the Great Gatsby

n novels containing interweaving plot and varying scenes, the author's selection of point of view becomes a primary factor in its impact and effectiveness. The Great Gatsby is such a novel which demonstrates this point most evidently. While Fitzgerald's decision to view the plot through the eyes of Nick Carraway presents certain limitations, it provides the means to relate the tone and message of the novel as whole. F. Scott Fitzgerald would be the first to admit that his masterpiece was not without flaws. In a letter written to Edmund Wilson, he criticized what he understood to be the novel's â€Å"BIG FAULT. † I gave no account of (and had no feeling about or knowledge of) the emotional relationship between Gatsby and Daisy from the time of their reunion to the catastrophe. Undoubtedly, this constraint on detailed development was imposed almost solely by point of view. Because Fitzgerald lays out the plot through the prospective of one essential character, intimacy between any other group of characters is lost or can only be hinted at. Somewhat of a haze surrounds these important relationships, as Nick and in turn the reader are blind to the details of their occurrence. In the case of Gatsby and Daisy, some of the power that backs Gatsby's dream is never presented. Such a situation is somewhat relieved, however, by integration of dialog. Not only does this aspect of of Fitzgerald's point of view thoroughly describe the other character of the novel, but also it keeps the credibility of the narrator in check. Who is to say that Nick Carraway is to be the readers' only insight to the affluent world of Long Island during the 1920's? He himself admitted to being far from perfect; even â€Å"vulnerable. † By providing the reader with a chance to judge the importance, purpose, and mission of each character, less time is spent analyzing the credibility of the narrator and more is devoted to understanding Fitzgerald's statement as a whole. In The Great Gatsby, this is a message that would be lost if it were not for the selected point of view. Fitzgerald, through what Nick perceives and the changes he undergoes, comments specifically on the society of the time. Had he instead relied upon another character's recollection of the same events, the meaning would be lost. The â€Å"carelessness' that the Buchanans represent could not be interpreted as such had someone who could not, in the end, see through the masks of riches been the reader's source of insight. The final impression sought by Fitzgerald would be skewed. Therefore, as limiting as they are, Nick Carraway's eyes (mixed with the converstion around him) provide not only a skillful, but also a necessary framework for the entire novel.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Water Level Warning by Gsm

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Our entire project is based upon Embedded Systems. In this project we are using Microcontroller which controls all the operations in regarding the level of water in the dam. For this process we require the components such as microcontroller, GSM modem, control circuitry, power supply and three sensors. These three sensors are placed in three different threshold levels and are connected to the controller.If for suppose the level of water is being increasing in the dam, then immediately when the water level crossed the sensor at level-1, the information is passed to the controller and then the controller checks for the precaution instruction which is given a by the developer and forwards it to the GSM modem. The modem immediately sends that particular SMS to the mobiles for which it is assigned saying that â€Å"the Water level has crossed the threshold level-1†. The controlling part of the water level is also done by the controller through the instruction s given by the developer.This includes the operations such as the number of gates to be opened, the number of threshold levels that are crossed. In this process the controller checks the number of threshold levels that are crossed and according to that the gates are being controlled. 1. 1 Embedded System Embedded systems are electronic devices that incorporate microprocessors with in their implementations. Embedded systems designers usually have a significant grasp of hardware technologies. They use specific programming languages and software to develop embedded systems and manipulate the equipment.Embedded systems often use a (relatively) slow processor and small memory size to minimize costs. An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually with very sp ecific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. . 2 GSM Technology Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot.GSM operates in the 900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands. GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the technology that underpins most of the world's mobile phone networks. The GSM p latform is a hugely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement and cooperation. GSM has become the world's fastest growing communications technology of all time and the leading global mobile standard, spanning 218 countries. GSM is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1. GHz bands GSM supports data transfer speeds of up to 9. 6 kbps, allowing the transmission of basic data services such as SMS. Everyday, millions of people are making phone calls by pressing a few buttons. Little is known about how one person's voice reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known about the security measures and protection behind the system. The complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people begin sending text messages and digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer.All the featu res and advancements in cell phone technology require a backbone to support it. When a mobile subscriber roams into a new location area (new VLR), the VLR automatically determines that it must update the HLR with the new location information, which it does using an SS7 Location Update Request Message. The Location Update Message is routed to the HLR through the SS7 network, based on the global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within the SCCP Called Party Address portion of the message. The HLR responds with a message that informs the VLR whether the subscriber should be provided service in the new location. . 3 Micro controller Microcontrollers as the name suggests are small controllers. They are like single chip computers that are often embedded into other systems to function as processing/controlling unit. Microcontroller – A single chip used to control other devices. Any microcomputer system requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making up a progra m, parallel port or serial port for communicating with an external system, timer / counter for control purposes like generating time delays, Baud rate for the serial port, apart from the controlling unit called the Central Processing Unit.CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT 2. 1 Block diagram and description [pic] Fig 2. 1 Block Diagram of dam level warning using GSM SMS In this block diagram we are using microcontroller, GSM modem, LCD, power supply, MAX-232, control circuitry, liquid level indicator. These all are mentioned below. Description The main aim is to send SMS when ever the water level crosses the threshold level. And necessary precautions are taken when ever the water exceeds the last level. To send an SMS to the concerned person we have certain steps to follow.In-order to work with any components basic requirement is power supply. Now the aim is to design the power supply section which converts 230V AC in to 5V DC. Since 230V AC is too high to reduce it to directly 5V DC, therefore we need a step-down transformer that reduces the line voltage to certain voltage that will help us to convert it in to a 5V DC. There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices.A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. This power supply is connected to the micro controller. In a very simplistic form, a micro-controller system can be viewed as a system that reads from (monitors) inputs, performs processing and writes to (controls) outputs. Micro controllers are useful to the extent that they communicate with other devices, such as sensors, motors, switches, keypads, displays, memory and even other micro-controllers. Next input should be given to the microcontroller it is done by the level indicator.Level indicator has certain levels when the water touches the different levels of level indicator the micro controller takes the input as the level indicator is connected to the ports. This information is displayed on the LCD. When the LCD is ON the GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) gets activated by sending some commands to the microcontroller. For communication with the micro controller MAX 232 is used. This is used to convert the voltage level that is required for GSM, then the SMS is passed to the person or concerned authority using the GSM.For controlling the system we are using motors. Motors act as relays, which is an ON OFF switch. Through this relay action the motors work and controlling of the gates can be done. Hardware components 1. Power supply 2. micro controller 3. level indicator 4. MAX 232 5. GSM(Global system for Mobile communication) Modem 6. LCD(liquid crystal display) 7. control system 2. 2 Power supply The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits a nd other devices.A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d. c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a. c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as â€Å"Regulated D. C Power Supply†. For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below: [pic] Fig 2. 2 5V regulated power supply system The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits. 2. 2. 1 Transformer Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. 2. 2. 2 Rectifier A circuit which is used to convert a. c to dc is known as â€Å"rectifier†. The process of conversion a. c to d. is called â€Å"rectification† Types of rectifier: †¢ Half wave Rectifier †¢ Full wave rectifier 1. Centre tap full wave rectifier. 2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier. Bridge Rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig below to achieve full-wave rectification.This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. [pic] Fig 2. 2. 2 Bridge Rectifier arr angement 2. 2. 3 Filter A Filter is a device which removes the a. c component of rectifier output but allows the d. c component to reach the load. We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications.Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering. †¢ A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d. c. to appears the load. †¢ An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d. c (due to low resistance to d. c) 2. 2. 4 Regulator Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass a lso rates them.Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current (‘overload protection') and overheating (‘thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. [pic] Fig 2. 2. 4 Regulator 2. 3 Micro controller (AT89C51) In this project work we are using AT89C51 micro-controller. This micro-controller plays a major role. Micro-controllers were originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However, because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in regulators for individual control loops. In several areas Micro-controllers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as well.A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory RAM, ROM or EPROM), various I / O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports, Timer/Counters, Interrupt Controller, Data Acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (ADC), everything integrated onto a single Silicon Chip. It does not mean that any micro controller should have all the above said features on chip, Depending on the need and area of application for which it is designed, The ON-CHIP features present in it may or may not include all the individual section said above.Any microcomputer system requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making up a program, parallel port or serial port for communicating with an external system, timer / counter for control purposes like generating time delays, Baud rate for the serial port, apart from the controlling unit called the Central Processing Unit 2. 3. 1 Features 1. 8 Bit CPU optimized for control applications 2. Extensive Boolean processing (Single – bit Logic) Capabilities. 3. On – Chip Flash Program Memory 4. On – Chip Data RAM 5. Bi-directional and Individually Addressable I/O Lines 6. Multiple 16-Bit Timer/Counters . Full Duplex UART 8. Multiple Source / Vector / Priority Interrupt Structure 9. On – Chip Oscillator and Clock circuitry. 10. On – Chip EEPROM 11. One Serial communication port 2. 3. 2 Block diagram of 89C51 Fig 2. 3. 2 Block diagram of microcontroller 89C51 SERIES: 89C51 Family, TECHNOLOGY: CMOS This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM,4K bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port and 4 ports(each 8-bits wide)all on single chip. At that time it was also referred to as a â€Å"system on a chip†. Th e 8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8-bits of data at time. Data larger than 8-bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 can have a maximum of 64K bytes of ROM, many manufacturers have put only 4Kbytes on chip. The P89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the P89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequenc and supports two software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. 2. 3. 3 Memory organization Program Memory Figure below shows a map of the lower part of the program memory. After reset, the CPU begins execution from location 0000H. As shown in fig. , each interrupt is assigned a fixed location in program memory. The interrupt causes the CPU to jump to that location, where it executes the service routine.External Interrupt 0, for example, is assigned to location 0003H. If External Interrupt 0 is used, its service routine must begin at location 0003H. If the interrupt is not used, its service location is available as general purpose. Program memory addresses are always 16 bits wide, even though the actual amount o program memory used may be less than 64Kbytes. External program execution sacrifices two of the 8-bit ports, P0 and P2, to the function of addressing the program memory. [pic] Fig 2. 3. 3 Program Memory 2. 3. 4 Pin diagram of 89C51 [pic] Fig 2. 3. 4 Pin Diagram of AT89C51 2. . 5 Pin description Vcc Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5v. Gnd Pin 20 is the ground. Ports 0, 1, 2 and 3 As shown in pin diagram the four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3 each use of 8 pins making the 8-bit ports. All the ports upon Reset are configured as input, since P0-P3 have FFH on them. Port 0 Port 0 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 32-33). It can be used for input or output. Port0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both address and data. When connecting an 8051/31 to an external memory, port 0 provides both address and data.The 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE=1, it has address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for demultiplexing address address and data with the help of a 74LS373 latch. In the 8051-based systems where there is no external memory connection, the pins of P0 must be connected externally to a 10k –ohm pull-up resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an Open drain, Unlike P1, P2, P3. Open drain is a term used for Mos chips in the same way that open collecto r is used for TTL chips.In many systems using the 8751, 89C51, or DS89C4x0 chips, we normally connect P0 to pull-up resistors. With external pull-up resistors connected to P0, it can be used as a simple I/O port, just like P1 and P2. In contrast to Port 0, ports p1, p2, and p3 do not need any pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally. Upon reset, ports p1, p2, ad p3 are configured as input ports. Port 1 Port 1 occupies a total of 8-pins (pins1-8). It can be used as input or output. In contrast to port 0, this port does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up resistors internally.Upon reset, port1 is configured as an input port. Port 2 Port 2 occupies a total 8 pins (pins 21-28). It can be used as input or output. However, in 8031-based systems, port2 is also designatedas A8-A15, indicating its dual function. Since an 8051/31 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external memory, it needs a path for the 16 bits of the address. While P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0-A7, it is the job of p2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16-bit address, and it cannot be used for I/O. Just like P1, port 2 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up resistors internally.Upon reset, port2 is configured as an input port. Port 3 Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 10-17). It can be used as input or output. P3 does not need any pull-up resistors, just as P1 and P2 did not. Although Port 3 is configured as an input port upon reset, this is not the way it is most commonly used. Port 3 has the additional function of providing some extremely important signals such as interrupts. The below table provides these alternate functions of P3. This is information applies to both 8051 and 8031 chips. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Prior to each reading from external memory, the microcontroller will set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and immediately after that activates the output ALE. Upon receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external register (74HCT373 or 74HCT375 circuit is usually embedded) memorizes the state of P0 and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the second part of the microcontroller’s machine cycle, a signal on this pin stops being emitted and P0 is used now for data transmission (Data Bus). In his way, by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit, data multiplexing from the port is performed. This port at the same time used for data and address transmission. PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable (EA). EA must be strappe d to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1 and XTAL2 The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external clock to run it. Most often a quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin19) and XTAL2 (pin18). The quartz crystal oscillator connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 also needs two capacitors of 30pf value. One side of each capacitor is connected to the ground.It must be noted that there are various speeds of the 8051 family. Speed refers to the maximum oscillator frequency connected to XTAL. For example, a 12-MHz chip must be connected to a crystal with 12 MHz frequency of no more than 20 MHz. When the 8051 is connected to a crystal oscillator and is powered up, we can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using the oscilloscope. 2. 3. 6 Timers On-chip timing/counting facility has proved the capabilities of the microcontroller for implementing the real time application. These includes pulse counting, frequency measurement, pulse width measurement, baud rate eneration, etc,. Having sufficient number of timer/counters may be a need in a certain design application. The 8051 has two timers/counters. They can be used either as timers to generate a time delay or as counters to count events happening outside the microcontroller. Let discuss how these timers are used to generate time delays and we will also discuss how they are been used as event counters. 2. 3. 7 Polling In polling the microcontroller continuously monitors the status of a given device; when the status condition is met, it performs the service .After that, it moves on to monitor the next device until each one is serviced. Al though polling can monitor the status of several devices and serve each of them as certain condition are met. 2. 3. 8 Interrupts In the interrupts method, whenever any device needs its service, the device notifies the microcontroller by sending it an interrupts signal. Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the device. The program associated with the interrupts is called the interrupt service routine (ISR). or interrupt handler.Six Interrupts in the 8051: 1. In reality, only five interrupts are available to the user in the 8051, but many manufacturers’ data sheets state that there are six interrupts since they include reset . the six interrupts in the 8051 are allocated as above. 2. Reset. When the reset pin is activated, the 8051 jumps to address location 0000. this is the power-up reset. 3. Two interrupts are set aside for the timers: one for Timer 0 and one for Timer 1. Memory location 000BH and 001BH in the inter rupt vector table belong to Timer 0 and Timer 1, respectively. 4.Two interrupts are set aside for hardware external harder interrupts. Pin number 5. 12(P3. 2) and 13(P3. 3) in port 3 are for the external hardware interrupts INT0 and INT1,respectively. These external interrupts are also referred to as EX1 and EX2. Memory location 0003H and 0013H in the interrupt vector table are assigned to INT0 and INT1, respectively. 6. Serial communication has a single interrupt that belongs to both receive and transmit. The interrupt vector table location 0023H belongs to this interrupt. 2. 3. 9 Registers In the CPU, registers are used to store information temporarily.That information could be a byte of data to be processed, or an address pointing to the data to be fetched. The vast majority of 8051 registers are 8–bit registers. In the 8051 there is only one data type: 8bits. The 8bits of a register are should in the diagram from the MSB (most significant bit) D7 to the LSB (least signifi cant bit) D0. With an 8-bit data type, any data larger than 8bits must be broken into 8-bit chunks before it is processed. Since there are a large number of registers in the 8051, we will concentrate on some of the widely used general-purpose registers. D7 |D6 |D5 |D4 |D3 |D2 |D1 |D0 | The most widely used registers of the 8051 are A(accumulator), B, R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, DPTR(data pointer), and PC(program counter). All of the above registers are 8-bits, except DPTR and the program counter. The accumulator, register A, is used for all arithmetic and logic instructions. 2. 3. 10 Serial communication Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial.In parallel data transfers, often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away. Examples of parallel transfers are printers and hard disks; each uses cables with many wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short amount of time by using many wires in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time.Serial communication of the 8051 is the topic of this chapter. The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it, there by making possible fast data transfer using only a few wires. Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time. The 8051 transfers and receives data serially at many different baud rates. The baud rate in the 8051 is programmable. This is done with the help of Timer1. The 8051 divides the crystal frequency by 12 to get the machine cycle frequency.The 8051’s serial communication UART circuitry divides the machine cycle f requency of 921. 6 kHz divided by 32 once more before it is used by Timer 1 to set the Baud rate. SBUF register SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for serial communication in the 8051. For a byte of data to be transferred via the TXD line, it must be placed in the SBUF register. Similarly, SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by the 8051’s RXD line. SBUF can be accessed like any other register in the 8051. The moment a byte is written into SBUF, it is framed with the start and stop bits and transferred serially via the TXD pin.Similarly, when the bits are received serially via RXD, the 8051 defames it by eliminating the stop and start bits, making a byte out of the data received, and then placing it in the SBUF. SCON (serial control) register The SCON register is an 8-bit register used to program the start bit, stop bit, and data bits of data framing, among other things. Transmit In mode0 the data transmission in form of pulse train automatically starts on the p in RXD at the moment the data has been written to the SBUF register. In fact, this process starts after any instruction being performed on this register.Upon all 8 bits have been sent, the bit TI in the SCON register is automatically set. In mode1 a sequence for data transmission via serial communication is automatically started upon the data has been written to the SBUF register. End of 1 byte transmission is indicated by setting the TI bit in the SCON register. In mode2 TI (transmit interrupt) is bit D1 of the SCON register. This is an extremely important flag bit in the SCON register. When the 8051 finishes the transfer of the 8-bit character, it raises the TI flag to indicate that it is ready to transfer another byte.The TI bit is raised at the beginning of the stop bit. Receive In mode0 data receiving starts through the pin RXD once two necessary conditions are met: bit REN=1 and RI=0 (both bits reside in the SCON register). Upon 8 bits have been received, the bit RI (register SCON) is automatically set, which indicates that one byte is received. In mode1 data receiving starts as soon as the START bit (logic zero (0)) appears on the pin RXD. The condition is that bit REN=1and bit RI=0. Both of them are stored in the SCON register. The RI bit is automatically set upon receiving has been completed.In mode2 RI (receive interrupt) is the D0 of the SCON register. This is another extremely important flag bit in the SCON register. When the 8051 receives data serially via RXD, it gets rid of the start and stop bits and places the byte in the SBUF register. Then it raises the RI flag bit to indicate that a byte has been received and should be picked up before it is lost. RI is raised halfway through the stop bit. 2. 4 Level Indicator Level indicator is used to indicate the different water levels in the dams. Liquid level indicator is used to indicate the water present at what level.Here we are considering three level Low level . Medium level and High level, as the liquid level increases a message is sent to the concern person regard level of water. The main purpose of this level indicator is it checks the water level and gives the input information to micro controller. 2. 5 MAX 232 The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. 10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e. g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e. g. with the help of a simple 78Ãâ€"05 voltage converter. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs.It should be noted that the MAX 232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal, and it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. â€Å"All it does is to convert signal voltage levels†. The MAX 232(A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo provided four drivers and receivers.The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1. 3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0. 5 V, and can accept  ±3 0-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. The RS232 standard is not TTL compatible; therefore, it requires a line driver such as the MAX232 chip to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa.The interfacing of 8051 with RS232 connectors via the MAX232 chip is the main topic. The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called TXD and RXD and a part of the port 3 group (P3. 0 and P3. 1). Pin 11 of the 8051 is assigned to TXD and pin 10 is designated as RXD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip. [pic] Fig 2. 5 8051 connection to RS232 MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa.One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies that are common in many older systems. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. In many applications only one of each is used. 2. 6 GSM (Global system for mobile communication) ModemA modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone. A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem.Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on your computer. A GSM modem can be a PC Card installed in a notebook computer, such as the Nokia Card Phone. A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia 7110 with a DLR-3 cable, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this purpose. A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone.This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For example, if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, and you are using a mobile phone as your modem, you must utilize a mobile phone that does not support WAP push or MMS. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes these messages, without forwarding them via the modem inte rface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as â€Å"concatenated SMS† or â€Å"long SMS†).This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages, and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface. (We’ve observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a problem with many other Ericsson models. ) When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this driver.An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer. The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources. 2. 6. 1 Architecture of GSM network A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by the subscriber.The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not shown are the Operations A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. Figure shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts.Subscriber carries the Mobile Station. The Base St ation Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not shown is the Operations intendance Center, which oversees the proper operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link.The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface. [pic] Fig 2. 6. 1 General architecture of a GSM network Mobile Station: The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific termina l. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number. Base Station Subsystem: The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC).These communicate across the standardized Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components made by different suppliers. The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that d efine a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area, there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost. The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below.The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching Center (MSC). Network Subsystem The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and additionally provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber. These services are provided in conjunction with several functional entities, which together form the Network Subsystem. The MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN). Signalling between functional entities in the Network Subsystem uses Signalling System Number 7 (SS7), used for trunk signalling in ISDN and widely used in current public networks. The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile.The location of the mobile is typically in the form of the signaling address of the VLR associated with the mobile as a distributed database station. The actual routing procedure will be described later. There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be implemented The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains selected administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.Although each functional entity can be implemented as an independent unit, all manufacturers of switching equipment to date implement the VLR together with the MSC, so that the geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by the VLR, thus simplifying the signalling required. Note that the MSC contains no information about particular mobile stations — this information is stored in the location registers. The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes.The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved. The Authentication Center (AuC) is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio channel. 2. 6. 2 Smart modem(GSM/GPRS)Analogic’s GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile modem that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be customized to various applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully type-approved and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc. Smart Modem kit contains the following items: 1. Analogic’s GSM/GPRS Smart Modem 2. SMPS based power supply adapter. 3. 3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types) 4. Data cable (RS232) 5. User ManualTemperature Range: Operating temperature: from -200C to +550C Storage temperature: from -250C to +700C Installing the modem: To install the modem, plug the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For Automotive applications fix the m odem permanently using the mounting slots (optional as per your requirement dimensions). Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card: To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM holder ejector button with Sharp edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a little, then pulls it out and insert or remove the SIM Card [pic]Fig 2. 6. 2 Inserting/Removing the sim card into the modem Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder do not remove the SIM card holder by force or tamper it (it may permanently damage). Place the SIM Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important that the SIM is placed in the right direction for its proper working condition. Connecting External Antenna Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz.The antenna may be (0 dbi, 3 dbi or short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions. DC Supply Connection The Modem will automatically turn ON when connection is given to it. The following is the Power Supply Requirement: Connecting Modem to external devices: RS232 can be used to connect to the external device through the D-SUB/ USB (for USB model only) device that is provided in the modem. 2. 7 LCD (Liquid crystal display) Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties of both liquids and crystals.Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrode s and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating/ highlighting the desired characters. The LCD does don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark.The LCD’s have long life and a wide operating temperature range. 2. 7. 1 Pin description of LCD: [pic] VCC, VSS and VEE: While VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground respectively, VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. EN: The EN line is called â€Å"Enable†. This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. RS: The RS line is the â€Å"Register Select† line.When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction. When RS is high (1), the data that is sent is a text data which should be displayed on the screen. RW: The RW line is the â€Å"Read/Write† control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction (â€Å"Get LCD status†) is a read command. All others are write commands, so RW will almost be low. 2. 7. 2 LCD Interfacing Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay: [pic] Fig 2. 6. Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller To send any command from command list to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make RS=1. Then sends a high –to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. 2. 8 Control System The controlling is done through the motors. Here relays acts as motors. A  relay  is an  electrically  operated  switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Since relays are  switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A relay will switch one or more  poles, each of whose contacts can be  thrown by energizing the coil in one of three ways: 1. Normally-open (NO) con tacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a  Form A contact or â€Å"make† contact. 2.Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a  Form B contact or â€Å"break† contact. 3. Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a  Form C  contact or â€Å"transfer† contact (â€Å"break before make†). If this type of contact utilizes â€Å"make before break† functionality, then it is called a  Form D  contact. The following designations are commonly encountered:SPST  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology â€Å"SPNO† and â€Å"SPNC† is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity. SPDT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total. DPST  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil.Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each). DPDT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil. Here in this project we are using single pole single throw. The relay has 3 pins, 1st pin is connected to the input, 2nd pin to the output and 3rd pin is connected to the gr ound. When input is given magnetic flux is generated and the motor starts rotating and the gate will be opened according to the development.A  motor receives power through two or more relays connected to a power source. A switch-operated logic circuit is powered by a relay power source and connects to the relays. To start the motor, the switch is pressed, causing the logic circuit to close the relays sequentially. When all the relays are closed, the motor will start. If the motor starts before the logic circuit closes all of the relays, the motor is stopped and an indication is provided that the relays that have not yet been closed have failed. Otherwise, the motor runs until the switch is pressed again, causing the logic circuit to open the relays and stop the motor.A power relay is a switch that uses an  electromagnet  to open or close a circuit. The basic design of a relay utilizes an electromagnet coil, an armature, a spring and one or more contacts. If the power relay is designed to normally be open, the circuit is not completed when in the off state. As power is applied to the power relay, generally from a battery source, the electromagnet attracts the armature, a movable arm often made of iron. The armature, which was held in place by the spring, is pulled in the direction of the coil until it reaches a contact, thus closing the circuit.If the relay is normally closed, then the coil pulls the armature away from the contact, opening the circuit. A power relay can be operated using a low amount of voltage but can also conduct a higher amount of voltage. In our project we are using a sub image able motor that is nothing but a motor. When a motor starts, the phase controller applies power to the windings so that they become magnetized with the polarity that attracts the permenant magnets on the rotor; this causes the rotor to begin rotating.As the permanent magnets on the rotor rotate past the electro-magnetic windings the phase controller reverses th e polarity on the winding so that the winding repels the permanent magnets on the rotor. As the motor runs, the phase controller keeps switching windings on so that they are always attracting the permanent magnets on the rotor then repelling the permanent magnets on the rotor; this keeps it rotating. CHAPTER 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Fig 3 Schematic Diagram 3. 1 Circuit description This section gives an overview of the whole circuitry and hardware involved in the project. The required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V.Hence the 5V D. C. power supply is needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by stepping down the voltage from 230V to 12V using step down transformer. Now the step downed a. c voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified a. c voltage is now filtered using a ‘RC’ filter. Now the rectified, filtered D. C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage regulator provides/allows us to have a R egulated constant Voltage which is of +5V. The rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100?F. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89c51 microcontroller to supply operating voltage. The microcontroller 89C51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11. 0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of 30-33pf capacitors is placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) properly. Operating voltage for the GSM modem will depends on its type and an adaptor is provided with the GSM modem set itself. Here in this project various levels in dams are monitored and if they exceed the threshold values a SMS is sent through the concerned person.To perform all these activities first of all different levels should be monitor using liquid level indicators. These level indicators are placed in dam at different levels like level1, level2, level3 etc†¦ whenever if any level overflows a utomatically information is sent to the control section using GSM modem. The controlling part of the water level is also done by the controller through the instructions given by the developer. In this process the controller checks the number of threshold levels that are crossed and according to that the gates are being controlled.When modem receives the message controller will communicate with the modem through serial communication. As we can not directly give the data to the controller due to the voltage level difference between the GSM modem and the controller because GSM modem works on RS 232 logic levels whereas micro controller works on TTL logic levels and also we are using PC in this project which is also a RS 232 logic based. So to have compatibility we are using MAX 232. MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa.One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. By using this to TX and RX pins we are going to communicate with the controller. CHAPTER 4 FLOW CHART TX Loop: [pic] RX Loop: [pic] CHAPTER 5 SCOPE AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTIt can be further enhanced by adding dtmf decoder to control the gate s of the dam and we send one msg to GSM amd that will be send the water level of the dam. If any unauthorized person tries to control the gate the GSM modem activate and that will pass this information to the authorized person. CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION The project â€Å"DAM LEVEL WARNING USING GSM-SMS† has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented. Finally we conclude that â€Å"DAM LEVEL WARNING USING GSM-SMS† is an emerging field and there is a huge scope for research and development. CHAPTER 7 BIBILOGRAPHY 1. WWW. MITEL. DATABOOK. COM 2. WWW. ATMEL. DATABOOK. COM 3. WWW. FRANKLIN. COM 4. WWW. KEIL. COM 5. WWW. NATIONAL. COM 6. WWW. ATMEL. COM 7. WWW. MICROSOFTSEARCH. COM 8. WWW. GEOCITIES. COM 9. 8051-MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM. -Mohd. Mazidi 10. The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala 11. Fundamentals of Micro processors and Micro computers -B. Ram 12. Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S. Gaonkar 13. Wireless Communications -Theodore 14. S. Rappaport Mobile Tele Communications -William C. Y. Lee CHAP TER 8 APPENDIX Source code Software used: Keil software for c programming About keil software: It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source file, specifying nother list of controls, run either the Library Manager or Linker (again specifying a list of controls) and finally running the Object-HEX Converter to convert the Linker output file to an Intel Hex File. Once that has been completed the Hex File can be downloaded to the target hardware and debugged. Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C variables and memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear.KEIL Greatly simplifies the process of creating and testing an embedded app lication The user of KEIL centers on â€Å"projects†. A project is a list of all the source files required to build a single application, all the tool options which specify exactly how to build the application, and – if required – how the application should be simulated. A project contains enough information to take a set of source files and generate exactly the binary code required for the application. Because of the high degree of flexibility required from the tools, there are many options that can be set to configure the tools to operate in a specific manner.It would be tedious to have to set these options up every time the application is being built; therefore they are stored in a project file. Loading the project file into KEIL informs KEIL which source files are required, where they are, and how to configure the tools in the correct way. KEIL can then execute each tool with the correct options. It is also possible to create new projects in KEIL. Source fil es are added to the project and the tool options are set as required. The project is reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all the desired windows are opened. KEIL project files have the extension Simulator/Debugger Coding include #include #include sbit M1 = P2^0; sbit M2 = P2^1; sbit M3 = P2^2; sbit L1 = P3^5; sbit L2 = P3^6; sbit L3 = P3^7; sbit Buz = P3^4; void TxMsg(unsigned char *msg,unsigned char *mno) { Send(â€Å"AT+CMGS=†); Send(mno); Delay_high(2); Send(msg); } void main() { bit L1_flag=0,L2_flag=0,L3_flag=0; LCD_Init(); Disp_Str(† Water Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd(0xC0); Disp_Str(â€Å"Warning System â€Å"); M1=M2=M3=0; Buz = 1; Delay (200); SConfig(); While (1) { If (L1==0 && L2==1 && L3==1 && L1_flag==0) { L1_flag=1; L2_flag=0; L3_flag=0; Buz = 1; M1 = 1; M2 = 0; M3 = 0; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å"Water Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0);Disp_Str (â€Å"** MEDIUM **†); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – MEDIUM†,†9951024603†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – MEDIUM†,†9848997946†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – MEDIUM†,†9966644775†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – MEDIUM†,†9299804677†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – MEDIUM†,†9849974776†³); Delay (200); } else If (L1==0 && L2==0 && L3==1 && L2_flag==0) { L2_flag=1; L3_flag=0; L1_flag=0; Buz = 1; M1 = 1; M2 = 1; M3 = 0; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å"Water Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0); Disp_Str (â€Å"** HIGH **†); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – HIGH†,†9951024603†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – HIGH†,†9848997946†); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – HIGH†,†9966644775†³);TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – HIGH†,†9299804677†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – HIGH†,†9849974776†³); Delay (200); } else if (L1==0 && L2==0 && L3==0 && L3_flag==0) // Level – 3 { L3_flag=1; L2_flag = 0; L1_flag=0; Buz = 0; M1 = 1; M2 = 1; M3 = 1; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å"Water Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0); Disp_Str (â€Å"** VERY HIGH **†); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – VERY HIGH†,†951024603†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – VERY HIGH†,†9848997946†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – VERY HIGH†,†9966644775†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – VERY HIGH†,†9299804677†³); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level – VERY HIGH†,†9849974776†³); Delay (200); }else if(L1==1 && L2==1 && L3==1) Buz = 1; L1_flag=0; L2_flag=0; L3_flag=0; M1 = 0; M2 = 0; M3 = 0; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å"Water Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0); Disp_Str (â€Å"** NORMAL**†); } } } KIT PHOTOS OF DAM LEVEL WARNING USING GSM SMS [pic] Kit photo of dam level warning using GSM SMS ———————– GSM MODEM MAX-232 POWER SUP PLY CONTROL SYSTEM LCD LIQUID LEVEL INDICATOR Level-3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – Level-2- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Level-1 – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –  œ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — ———RESERVIOUR— MICRO CONTRO-LLER Tx Rx P0 P1 P2 P3 COUNTER INPUTS EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS CPU SERIAL PORT 4 I/O PORTS BUS CONTROL OSC TIMER 0 TIMER 1 ON CHIP RAM ON-CHIP RAM ON-CHIP FLASH INTERRUPT CONTROL RESET INTERRUPT LOCATIONS 8 bytes (0033)H 002BH 0023H 001BH 0013H 000BH 0003H 0000H