Nursing Asssessment-Focus scenario Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Asssessment-Focus scenario - Case Study Example His diet includes organic food from animals, fruits and vegetables present in his farm. He is also a frequent alcoholic beverage drinker, with two to three bottles of beer every evening. No history of cigarette smoking had been mentioned. Mr. "S" has a family history of heart attack, breast cancer and hypertension. Occasionally he complains of shortness of breath which is relieved by rest. He thinks that he is in good health considering the time he spends outdoors. A thorough health history must be established in order to provide a comprehensive nursing assessment. This may be done through interview or reviewing past medical records. Components of a nursing health history include biographic data, such as age, gender, occupation and usual source of medical care, chief complaint or the reason for visit, history of present illness, past history and family history. Lifestyle, social data like economic status, ethnic affiliation and neighborhood conditions, and psychological data are also considered. When assessing the history of the present condition, the onset of the symptoms, characteristic of the complaint, activity in which the patient was involved when the problem occurred and any aggravating or alleviating factors are noted. Proper physical examination using effective tools are vital to come up with a diagnosis and to establish nursing care. A common method to identify problems is the review of systems. In this process, each body system is assessed for specific signs and symptoms that may be attributed to a deviation in the normal functioning of that organ system. In the case of Mr. "S", vital signs would have to be taken to acquire baseline data. Blood pressure is obtained using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope, heart rate and respiratory rate through a stethoscope, and temperature reading through the use of a thermometer. Baseline height and weight should also be measured using a tape measure and a weighing scale. Mr. "S" complained of shortness of breath relieved by rest and has a history of cardiovascular disease; therefore, data regarding cardiovascular and respiratory system must be reviewed. Aside from the heart rate, rhythm and heart sounds are also assessed, again through auscultation using a stethoscope. These are some of the parameters used in evaluating cardiovascular function. Assess for presence of edema, which is evident in Mr. "S". Perfusion can also be obtained by noting if he is warm, dry, or diaphoretic. Respiratory system review consists of observing the breathing pattern and breath sounds, presence of secretions and cough. Shortness of breath may suggest, but is not limited to, a pulmonary problem. Since Mr. "S" is having edema, pain will also have to be assessed. If pain is present, he could use a pain rating scale to be able to determine its severity. Genitourinary system must also be evaluated. His intake and output must be monitored. Ask when he last voided. Assess also for signs and symptoms of anuria, hematuria, dysuria or incontinence. This could reflect whether his edema and weight gain are brought about by a genitourinary problem. Skin assessment is done by noting presence of warts, moles, unusual discoloration, jaundice, scars and skin color. Jau ndice may reflect hepatic dysfunction, in which edema may also be attributed. His lifestyle, involving drinking two to three beers every night, makes him at high risk for renal and hepatic diseases.

An enquiry into the use of Assessment for Learning

An enquiry into the use of Assessment for Learning Since the Education Reform Act (1988), introduced national testing to monitor school standards of education assessment has continued to play a major part in the educational delivery in schools. Assessment encompasses all aspects of teaching that measure the level of teaching through students understanding and achievement. Assessment is not just end of year examinations but an on-going process that should be present in teaching at all times in order for lessons to be effective. Through several studies (Assessment Reform Group (ARG), 2002; Black et al, 2003; Clark, 2005) it has become evident that through careful planning of assessment it is possible to promote students learning and motivation, by using a more formative approach as opposed to high stakes testing of summative assessment. It is often noted that teachers ask questions to check students understanding of the lesson but take a simple acknowledgement as a valid indication that learning has occurred. Students are often not confident or willing to identify themselves as not understanding. It is therefore important for teachers to carefully plan strategies for assessment both formative and summative to identify what students have learnt to plan for future lessons (Capel, Leask Turner, 2009). It is important to consider different formative assessment methods and their suitability to the learning objectives or particular learning styles of students. Kyriacou (1998) suggested that supporting learning activities with assessment should be of a more subtle approach. This enquiry will focus on various methods of AfL that can be employed by a teacher in order to raise students attainment, motivation towards learning and engagement throughout lessons. AfL plays a key role in teaching and pupils learning, providing continual feedback to students on their level of attainment, where they are succeeding and where they need to improve, giving them information on how to progress further. Through AfL, we as teachers provide continual advice and feedback in the forms of positive reinforcement to constructive dialogue through questioning, to enable students to demonstrate a deeper understanding of the subject promoting cognitive development. This study will focus on the use of AfL within the chosen unit of work as the Office for Standards and education (Ofsted) (2005, 2008a) identified, AfL as the weakest part of teaching and learning, in particular a weak area for student physical education teachers (Ofsted, 2003). It is of key Importance as a student teac her to understand the application of AfL, as several studies have identified that the use of assessment is key in developing future learning opportunities having an impact not just on their attainment but also their attitude to learning, their engagement with the school subjects and their motivation to do well (Black and William, 2001; Black et al., 2003). This enquiry will focus on the delivery of a year 7 boys dance scheme of work delivered over six lessons. When planning the unit of work several factors including knowledge of the learners ability, my knowledge of the subject, curriculum knowledge and pedagogical knowledge were all identified as aspects of a teachers personal subject construct. It is important as a teacher to not allow your personal constructs and views of a subject to exclude pupils with different views, (Banks et al., 1999 cited in Capel, Leask Turner 2009). A framework was provided by the school indicating the learning objectives for each lesson and progression over the unit of work. Through discussion with members of staff with previous experience of delivering the unit of work it helped to increase my subject knowledge and ideas for possible learning activities to incorporate into my lessons. The study school had a well-structured pupil assessment strategy modelled from the national curriculum level descriptors (appendix 1), which was key in designing learning objectives and provided a clear indication of what the students should be working towards. With this information and a brief overview of the classes ability it was possible to start designing the learning objectives for the unit of work. It was important to ensure that my learning objectives were varied across the key processes of physical education to ensure students could demonstrate and develop a variety of skills not merely there physical ability as Ofsted (2002 cited in Cap el) raised concern over the weakness in pupils skills of observation and evaluation due to limited opportunity to develop these skills.. The study school had a big focus on incorporating learning objectives into normal lessons based on Personal Learning and Thinking Skills (PLTS) to develop these skills as well as a focus on PLTS in year 7. They clearly understand the importance of raising students abilities as team workers, independent enquirers, reflective learners, independent enquirers, creative thinkers, self-managers and effective participants in order for students to access the curriculum and progress with greater success as laid out by the PLTS National Curriculum Framework (QCDA 2011). When planning to integrate AfL into lessons it is key to acknowledge the ten research based principles of AfL identified by the ARG (2002) into classroom based practice (Appendix 2). As suggested by Black et al (2003) the implementation of specific assessment strategies can increase students learning, increase motivation and enthusiasm towards a subject. Spackman (2002 cited in Capel and Whitehead 2010) identified four characteristics of AfL in relation to physical education as shared learning objectives, questioning, feedback and pupil peer and self-assessment. The sequence of lessons were planned to incorporate an aspect of all four assessment strategies to ensure all students were provided with an opportunity to gain a further understanding of their learning and to provide a wider spectrum of tools to identify students level of ability. Each lesson was structured in three phases, the initial being the identification of a new skill or recall of previously learnt skills providing o pportunity for sharing learning objectives and questioning, the second phase would be a performance where students would practice ad rehearse the newly learnt skill under the teachers guidance which provided opportunity for feedback, questioning and self/ peer assessment and finally the third phase of appreciation where students would focus on peer assessment providing feedback to each other. The lessons focused on the key processes identified in the Key stage 3 National Curriculum for Physical Education. Throughout the delivery of lessons it was not always possible to follow the unit of work as students had not always made sufficient progress to move onto the next learning phase. Therefore lessons were modified based on the previous learning that had occurred to continue the progression smoothly and to ensure learning objectives were not too demanding for the learners. The importance of AfL in forming objectives for learning was emphasised in a report by Ofsted where the chief inspector wrote: Accurate assessment is used to identify focused objectives for learning and is a basis for choosing suitably challenging tasks and resources (Ofsted, 2007). Through the delivery and observation of the first lesson it was clearly identified that effective questioning was used to recap on learning from previous lessons, to ensure student understanding of learning tasks, and to assess students understanding and accomplishment of learning objectives. It is important to question a variety of students not always the ones with hands up as several studies have suggested adopting a no hands up policy in which all students are then required to formulate an answer as to the teacher will pick randomly and to ensure students understand that the an incorrect answer is part of learning and they should not be afraid to ask questions themselves to gain clarity. This also provided opportunity for students to discuss with their peers to formulate a possible answer which is beneficial for learning to occur (DfES, 2007). Other research identified that questions needed to be related back to the learning objectives, and to use more open ended questions as sugg ested by Clarke (2005). Although there was opportunity for peer assessment in the appreciation phase of the lesson this needed to be refined with the use of assessment criteria as identified by Latham (1992 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 242) who noted that in order for peer assessment to work pupils need help in focusing on the specific areas of a skill or process to be assessed. This was later supported by Loose Abrahams (1993 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 242) who identified that pupils need clear instruction on what to focus on when assessing as shown in the example assessment sheet, (Appendix 3). Over the course of the following lessons the use of questioning significantly improved combining the use of open ended and directed questioning to recall prior learnt information and assess the students level of understanding as suggested by Clarke (2005). Learning Objectives were shared with students and discussed at the beginning of the lesson, however the use of questioning could be improved to re-iterate the learning objectives throughout the lesson. Several strategies were used to promote self/peer assessment. One involved students completing a self-assessment sheet (Appendix 4) to identify what they had learnt in prior lessons and also to evaluate what they learnt by the end of the lesson, using a traffic light system for each question as an alternative questioning method to allow greater classroom involvement (Clarke, 2005). Although the content of this assessment has the potential to be a valuable tool it needed to be pitched at a more suitable level to work. Due to the stude nts lack of understanding as to why they were doing it, their ability level and learning style the teaching strategy did not match the leaners personality or information processing level as suggested by Harvey, Hunt and Schroders (1961 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 143) Conceptual systems theory. Based on this research it was noted that maybe due to their low conceptual complexity in terms of information processing they required a simplified system supported by a more structured approach from the teacher as they had not yet developed the capability to generate ideas in a low structured environment (Joyce and Weil, 1986 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 144). This is supported by further research that identified that formative assessment can only work if students are trained in the skills of self-assessment and questioning so they understand why they are doing it and what they need to do to achieve (Black William 2001). As the National Curriculum key stage 3 (assessment pack) states it is at KS3 wh ere students start to take initiative and make decisions for themselves and PLTS are introduced, therefore a careful balance between more structured direct and non-direct teaching styles is needed until these skills are embedded. The use of the traffic light system also provide the teacher with the opportunity to level the class and split the students into groups of differing ability and work on differentiated tasks (Appendix 5). Students were provided with opportunity to assess and provide feedback with the use of video cameras to record and analyse their performance. It was important to provide instruction on what the students should be looking for with reference to the learning objectives when peer assessing as suggested by Loose Abrahams (1993 cited in Mawer 1999, pp. ). The study later identified through observations that when lesson objectives were shared with the class it was important to consider students learning styles, when providing information and guidance on what they might be looking to observe and demonstrate in order for students to achieve the desired learning outcomes. The teacher adopted the Visual, Auditory or Kinaesthetic (VAK) construct (Dryden Vos, 2001 cited in Capel, Leask and Turner, 2009 , pp.262), to implement when planning and delivering (Appendix 5). Throughout lessons various stimuli were used including visual aids by displaying learning objectives, posters and using video footage (Appendix 5). The teacher incorporated practical demonstrations to explain what they were looking for as opposed to the earlier descriptively heavy verbal instructions, providing students with more time to actually rehearse and practise the new skills and more time working collaboratively in groups. Through observation it was evident that the use of video footage and practical demonstration had a large impact on the students understanding when used to identify learning goals (appendix 5). As research suggests it is of particular help when learning outcomes are shared in a format that the pupils can understand (ARG, 2002; Black et al; 2003; Clarke, 2005). The use of video recording and ICT was also used to provide students with the chance to watch their own performances allowing opportunity for peer self-assessment. It is important for students to be able to assess themselves and others in order to have a clear picture of how to move forward and achieve (Black Williams 2001). For effective learning to take place teachers must carefully plan structured opportunities for students to develop the skills needed to comprehend a task, analyse feedback, self-assess their performance and be creative in solving problems through the use of AfL. As often as possible learning opportunities should be delivered with consideration of the students learning style for the greatest level of understanding to occur. The implementation of visual aids especially the use of ICT had a big impact on the students comprehension of tasks and motivation towards learning new skills, developing their ability to analyse a performance and provide structured feedback to their peers. It is clear that Spackmans (2002) four characteristics of AfL provide a basis for planning and implementing AfL strategies but further planning needs to go into how each characteristic is delivered within a lesson to cater for various academic abilities and learning styles. By including an aspect of all the char ateristics in a lesson you are able to motivate, enthuse and help drive students forward. The key to successful teaching comes from the use of AfL on a daily basis to ensure students know what they are trying to learn by sharing learning objectives, helping students recognise success by sharing learning outcomes, providing a success criteria and identify the reasoning as to why they are learning it (DfES, 2007). It is also important to consider that this must be communicated in a way that is understood by the student (ARG, 2002; Black et al; 2003; Clarke,2005). In future planning the use of questioning needs to be carefully evaluated and planned to provide opportunity for higher order thinking in line with Blooms Taxonomy. Learning Objectives, outcomes and feedback all need to be provided in a language and format that the learners can access, whether it be verbal through use of pictures or video analysis. It is of utmost importance to ensure students are developing the learning and thinking skills in lessons to allow them to access their education alongside the academic objectives of lessons. Word Count: 2448 Reference List Assessment Reform Group (ARG) (2002) Testing, motivation and learning [online] Cambridge: University of Cambridge Faculty of Education. Available from: http://www.assessment-reform-group.org/TML%20BOOKLET%20complete.pdf [Accessed 5th January 2011] Black, P., Harrison, C., Lee, C., Marshall, B. and Wiliam, D (2003) Assessment for Learning: Putting it into Practice, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Black, P., and Wiliam, D. (2001). Inside the Black Box, [online] London: Kings College. Available from: http://weaeducation.typepad.co.uk/files/blackbox-1.pdf Clarke, S., (2005) Formative Assessment in Action: Weaving the Elements Together. Lon don: Hodder and Stoughton. Department for Education Skills (DfES) (2007) Assessment for Learning 8 Schools Project Report. [online] London: DfES Available from: http://c97.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/c97/accounts/english/homepage/Assessment/documents/AfL/8%20schools.pdf Ofsted (2003) Quality and Standards in Secondary Initial Teacher Training (HMI 546) [online] London: GreenShires Print Group. Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Education/Teachers-and-teacher-training/Routes-into-teaching/Quality-and-standards-in-secondary-initial-teacher-training [Accessed February 2011] Ofsted (2005) The Secondary National Strategy: An Evaluation of the Fifth Year (HMI 2612) [online] Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Education/Providers/Secondary-schools/The-Secondary-National-Strategy [Accessed February 2011] Ofsted (2008) Evaluation of the Primary and Secondary National Strategies 2005-2007 (HMI 070033) [online] Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Documents-by-type/Thematic-reports/Evaluation-of-the-Primary-and-Secondary-National-Strategies Ofsted (2007) The Annual Report of Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Education, Childrens Services and Skills 2006/07, (HMI 20070035) [online] Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Annual-Report/2006-07/The-Annual-Report-of-Her-Majesty-s-Chief-Inspector-2006-07 [Accessed February 2011] http://curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/key-stages-3-and-4/skills/personal-learning-and-thinking-skills/index.aspx).

Student Protests in 1968 and 1970: A Rebellious Generation Essay

In the year 1968, the Vietnam War had taken control of the minds and the hearts of millions of Americans and other individuals around the world. The Tet was initiated by Vietcong warriors in South Vietnam, where the warriors launched a full scale attack on every major city in the south of the country. This shattered the dreams of those who had hoped that the war would end quickly and that there would be peace and not Communism in the country of Vietnam. Nixon decided to spice things up a bit and invade nearby Cambodia in 1970 saying that he would not allow the biggest superpower in the world to appear â€Å"like a pitiful, helpless giant.† Meanwhile, in many different universities across the U.S, several students felt a spark in them evoked by the war in Vietnam and by the restrictive punishments of their respected colleges. To fight this, they organized gatherings and student strikes to promote their way of thinking to their parents and to anyone who would listen. These stud ents were protesting against the Vietnam War, conformity, and the harsh rules of the elite colleges, to prove that their voices were worthy to be heard. In universities all over the world, there arose a rebellious spirit in the lives of many students. Why were these students protesting? In France, they were protesting against the strict policies of their schools and against the Vietnam War. These ideals spread from there to close by countries such as England, Italy, and Germany and also in countries across the world such as Japan and South Korea. The War had left everyone questioning whether or not the United States and its allies were going to be able to win this war or not. The window of victory grew smaller every day. In the United States, there were similar... ...s just proves the point that students are people too. They may be inexperienced, but they are gaining knowledge and awareness about the world around them and becoming brave enough to speak up for themselves. References: Brown , Victoria , and Timothy Shannon. Going to the Source. 3rd ed. . 2. Boston : Bedford/St. Martin's , 2012. 270. Print. Grace , Tom . "The Shooting at Kent State (1970) ." From Camelot to Kent State. N.p.. Web. 5 Dec 2013. . Norton , Mary Beth, Carol Sheriff , David W. Blight , Howard P. Chudacoff, Fredrik Logevall, and Beth Bailey . A People & A Nation . 9 ed. . 2. Boston : Wadsworth, 2012. 946. Print. Ruffner, Howard. " Introduction by Howard Ruffner." The Digital Journalist . N.p.. Web. 5 Dec 2013. .

Politics Administration Dichotomy Essay

By discussing some of the advantages and disadvantages of administration and politics dichotomy, an opinion of whether it is useful or impossible will be made. Wilson’s politics administration dichotomy refers to the idea that administrative decisions need to be made without political influence. One argument to this is that politics has transformed, let’s say, the role of a city manager from a neutral expert to a problem solver and dichotomy should be replaced with an expanded base of professional values for them. Advantages and Disadvantages of Politics and Administration Dichotomy  An advantage of having politics and administration dichotomy is that administration would not be driven by politics. Although politics give work to administration, it should not be able to make it do what it wants. Politics is a process by which disagreements and conflicts are worked out, ending with laws and policies through legislation. The purpose of politics is to provide political guidance to public administration. Political guidance is formulating and clarifying the public’s preferences and then communicating them to the public administrators. The job of a public administrator is to provide neutral competence to the policy process. The politicians would not get involved in administration and the public administrators would have no involvement in shaping policies. Public administrators would have the role of being neutral experts who carry out the policies of the council. In order to be neutral the administrator should minimize their identification with political positions, avoid undermining the political power of elected officials, and not get involved in the battle of politics to ensure rational administrative decisions rather than bargaining based decisions. If each public administrators and elected officials perform their tasks as assigned, the democratic accountability and planning ability of public administrators will likely increase. The disadvantage of politics administration dichotomy is that there would be no interaction and incorporation of administrative contributions in the design and the implementation of public policy. It also shields administrators from scrutiny and serves the interests of elected officials who can pass responsibility for unpopular decisions to administrators. This strict separation of policy makers and service deliverers can lower the quality of governance and service. Then there is the topic of ethics. Neither professional standards nor individual conscience can be alone the framework for public administrative ethics but both are present. So, the downside of dichotomy is there would not be a flow of ideas and concerns between the politicians and the administrators. I think dichotomy is almost impossible to have when it comes to politics and administration, but that word should be replaced by a set of rules and values that both can follow. The politicians should set the goal and the public administrators pave the path. I believe there needs to be communication between the two on certain topics as well. I like to use analogies, so the one that comes to mind is the relationship between officers and NCOs in the army. Officers (being the politician) and NCOs (being the public administrators) need to have a professional relationship. The officer comes to an NCO with a task (goal, mission, policy, etc. ). It is the NCO’s job to make sure his or her soldiers’ (which would be the public in this case) accomplish the task. Regardless if the NCO agrees with the task or likes it (unless it is unsafe/illegal), it is their job to make it happen. Some officers will welcome feedback from the NCO if he or she disagrees with the task. Some officers just demand and expect. How well the NCO organizes and handles the task with his or her soldiers will have an impact on how well it will get done. The way the NCO disseminates the task can also have an effect on how the soldiers view the officer. If the NCO agrees with the task or policy that is given, it is easier for him or her to accomplish it. I know I find it difficult to do something I don’t want to. Usually, a well-respected NCO will be able to have their soldiers accomplish any task given to them. The part where this analogy fails is that soldiers do not vote in their officers. As a public administrator, the hardest part would be to hide my beliefs and views on things, especially if I’m the one who has to implement them.

Villa Savoye

Constructed by Le Corbusier in 1929-31, the Villa Savoye, one of the greatest masterpieces of modern architecture, has been widely contested on the part of its originality and its accordance to the practical significance requirements every building should meet.Following the tradition of International style (a major architectural style in the 1920s and 1930s, also known as a Modern movement, the modernistic style of maximum minimalism), the Swiss architect Le Corbusier dreamed of breaking all architectural rules and principles (such as scope, tectonics, prossemic etc) and building simple, geometrically designed, unornamented, spacious houses: as he called them, â€Å"machines to be lived in† (`machines à   habiter').Of course, this outburst of the twentieth century architecture towards the total mechanization and simplicity was numerously criticized for the lack of humanism (box-shaped building dehumanize and deprive people of their individuality, they say), yet Le Corbusierâ €™s (and other modern architects’, such as Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Mart Stam, Hans Scharoun, as well) intention was absolutely humanistic – to provide every man with a place to live in this constantly growing world.Le Corbusier sought efficient ways to house large numbers of people in response to the urban housing crisis. He was a leader of the modernist movemnet to create better living condition and better society through housing concepts.But apart from the problem of efficency, many art historians prefer to look on his works, and particularly on the Villa Savoye, as on the works of art which provide many artistic effects and influence human perception with unexpected geometry. As a matter of fact, Le Corbusier disproves Umberto Eko’s functionalistic theory of architecture by costructing buildings to exceed all levels of expectation (as it is required from works of art). Many critics refer to his buildings as to the true masterpieces.William J. R . Curtis, for example, analyzing the elaborate shape of the Le Corbusier’s building, compares the Villa with a Cubistic painting. While Mark Wigley pays much attention to the colour of the Villa Savoye – his admiration of its glairing whiteness is unconcealed. So, let’s take these two critics’ analyses into pieces in order to find out who sounds more convincing and whose point of view looks more original and advanced.William J. R. Curtis takes the most evident uniqueness of the Villa Savoye for analysis – the shape. What he actually notes is Le Corbusier’s excellent ability to combine severe and inanimate square horizontal forms with intricate curvatures and asymmetrical forms. This is the top formalistic skill, he claims.It is a well-known fact that Villa Savoye in Poissy is Le Corbusier’s major work, associated to his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. In this construction he pioneered to concretize the revolutionary â€Å"five points for a new architecture†:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   constructing buildings that stand on pilotis: thus they should elevate the mass from the ground. The loads are carried punctually and release the peripheral walls, allowing points 2), 3) and 4). Pilotti was one of the most favorite Le Corbusier’s devices to free the lower levels for pedestrians.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a free plan3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a free faà §ade4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   long horizontal windows running from one wall to another and outcropping the frontage. They allow generous opening on light and sun.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a roof garden : the terrace, build on the roof, totally resembles the garden.  Ã‚   Curtis is free to operate almost all the principles, although he pays more attention to deconstructing the overall shape of the Villa Savoye. That’s why any principle he includes into the analysis serves to show this unordinary combination of forms and lines, which make the whole building opened toward the â€Å"conversation† with the outdoor atmosphere and the horizon behind it.â€Å"It is sculpted and hollowed to allow the surroundings to enter it, and its formal energies radiate to the borders of the site and to the distant horizon†, – keenly observes William J.R. Curtis in his essay about the Villa. In fact, he uses many arguments to sound more convincing. For example, he speaks of the faà §ade to be somewhat blank and forbidding in the whole picture of the first-level box that at first sight makes an impression of only horizontal lines predominance. While the faà §ade is a simple key to open an elaborate asymmetry of the Villa, hidden in the other three sides one can â€Å"rediscover† the building from.The faà §ade with its long horizontally placed ribbon of windows   seems to be a difficult riddle that at first glance requires a simple answer (â€Å"the Villa is incorrigibly symmetrical†) but can be solved only after taking a glance f rom the rear (â€Å"its symmetry is upset by the curved volumes behind†).Another argument the author refers to is the use of pilotis, which Le Corbusier favored so much. The cylindrical pilotis are actually the only vertical lines of the building helpfully holding the massive first-level box so that create an impression of hovering.Thus, Le Corbusier not only frees the low-level space for pedestrians but also breaks the architectural archetype of tectonics (in a common view such a thin pilotti cannot hold such a massive ‘box’). But it is the architect’s great achievement to be able to supply this huge â€Å"machine to be lived in† with an airy sense of lightness.Mark Wigley chooses another path to the Villa Savoye. Unlike William J.R. Curtis, who takes a drive to the Villa and a walk around it so that grasp the overall expression, Wigley assesses the close picture of it, i.e. analyzing the colour of the building Le Corbusier preferred, having been i nfluenced by the vernacular whitewash technique.For the design of the buildings themselves, Le Corbusier said that all buildings should be white by law and criticized any effort at ornamentation. What Wigley states in his essay is that the nature of white colour in LeCorbusier’s houses is not as simple as only an echo of Mediterranean vernacular whitewash the Swiss archtect admired so much during his travel to the East at the end of 1910. His new found love of white is of a complex origin, Wigley claims. For example, he cites Le Corbusier’s letter to his friend William Ritter, in which the architect share his newly made discovery of   white, as a proof for his guess.This subtle critic cannot accept the view that the reason for such a faithful love to the white colour is only a result of submission to â€Å"the irresistable attraction of the Mediterranean†. In fact, â€Å"the architect’s appeal to the universal status of white seems to be founded on a h ighly specific and idiosyncratic set of personal experiences and fantasies†. Le Corbusier’s choice of the white wall is motivated by synthesis rather than by a simple influence.That’s why the phenomenon of white in modern architecture surely exceeds all the discourses (a collective idea of the white colour) and rests on the intimate emotional experiences of every architect that rediscovers the colour for him/herself.To some extent I really feel this personal modernistic view on white. I can feel the author’s attitude towards the colour that obviously contradicts the common idea of white as a symbol of purity (yes, Le Corbusier was a purist architect, but only in terms of the usage of simple geometrical forms) and sanctity. His white is deprived of the collectivistic views and is rather a symbol of vanguard blank page. Le Corbusier rubbed off the messages scripted by the previous cultures.

Free Essays on Christianity In Rome

The way the Romans viewed Christianity is slightly different from the general theory. The Romans did not spend all their time hunting down Christians in order to crucify them or throw them to the lions. When Christianity first started in the Roman Empire, it was viewed as another sect of Judaism. There was no differentiating between the Jews and the Christians in the eyes of the Roman government. The Christians were seen simply as a more radical group of Jews. They were also not completely trusted because of their monotheistic belief and nons he used were initiation rites involving human sacrifice and consumption of infants and religious worship involving incestual orgies. But even with these accusations, persecution was still not as widespread as is commonly believed. The prevailing approach to persecuting the Christians continued to be inconsistency. Generally tolerant of all religions, the Romans only persecuted Christians when it was convenient to do so. Basically the Christians were the Roman scapegoat while Roman government was weak and having problems. One example of this is after the massive burning of Rome during Nero’s reign. Nero needed to blame somebody for it and because the Christians were a secretive group, he picked them and executed as many as he could. But according to Kebric, most Romans did not agree with these actions. Persecution of Christians was more of a political action than an issue of religious conflict. It seems as if the Christians were only m... Free Essays on Christianity In Rome Free Essays on Christianity In Rome The way the Romans viewed Christianity is slightly different from the general theory. The Romans did not spend all their time hunting down Christians in order to crucify them or throw them to the lions. When Christianity first started in the Roman Empire, it was viewed as another sect of Judaism. There was no differentiating between the Jews and the Christians in the eyes of the Roman government. The Christians were seen simply as a more radical group of Jews. They were also not completely trusted because of their monotheistic belief and nons he used were initiation rites involving human sacrifice and consumption of infants and religious worship involving incestual orgies. But even with these accusations, persecution was still not as widespread as is commonly believed. The prevailing approach to persecuting the Christians continued to be inconsistency. Generally tolerant of all religions, the Romans only persecuted Christians when it was convenient to do so. Basically the Christians were the Roman scapegoat while Roman government was weak and having problems. One example of this is after the massive burning of Rome during Nero’s reign. Nero needed to blame somebody for it and because the Christians were a secretive group, he picked them and executed as many as he could. But according to Kebric, most Romans did not agree with these actions. Persecution of Christians was more of a political action than an issue of religious conflict. It seems as if the Christians were only m...

George Washington Essays (813 words) - John Adams, George Washington

George Washington Essays (813 words) - John Adams, George Washington George Washington George Washington George Washington was born on his father's estate in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. He was the oldest son of a Virginia farmer, Augistine Washington , by his second wife, Mary Ball, The Washington family was descended from two brothers, John and Lawrence Washington, who emigrated from England to Virginia in 1657. The family's rise to modest wealth in three generations was the result of steady application to farming, land buying, and development of local industries. George seemed to have received most of his schooling from his father and, after the father's death in 1743, from his older half-brother Lawrence. The boy enjoyed mathematics, and he applied it to acquiring a knowledge of surveying, which was a skill greatly in demand in a country where people were seeking new lands in the West. For the Virginians of that time the West meant the upper Ohio River valley. Throughout his life, George Washington maintained a keen interest in the development of these western lands, and from time to time he bought properties for himself. Under the terms of the Constitution, the formal election for the president was done by electors, who were collectively called the Electoral College. Each elector was to vote for the two persons he considered most qualified; the winner would be the president, and the runner-up would be the vice president. The electors themselves were chosen January 7, 1789, by the direct vote of the people in some states, and by the legislature in other states. The electors met en each state on February 4 and unanimously voted for George Washington, who thereby became president. Their second choice, far from unanimous, was John Adams of Massachusetts. This pleased Washington because he had feared that the vice presidency might ho to Governor George Clinton of New York, who favored drastic amendment of the constitution. Washington, considering these amendments dangerous, had allowed amendment word to go out that votes for Adams would be agreeable to him because he considered Adams to be a safe man and a strong supporter of the constitution. Also, Washington still had a lingering hope that, after getting the government well started, he might resign from office and hasten home to Mount Vernon. He could not reconcile this hope with his conscience unless a man he considered safe was next in line of succession. In the spring of 1790, Washington was struck by a severe cold and then by influenza. For several days it was thought that George would not live. The illness and the anxiety it caused throughout the country underlined Washington's importance to the new nation. Abigail Adams, wife of the vice president, wrote: It appears to me that the union of the states and consequently the permanency of the government depend under Providence upon his life. At this early day when neither our finances are arranged nor our government sufficiently cemented to promise duration, his death would havethe most disastrous consequences. (page 322 Encyclopedia) Washington attended the inauguration of President John Adams on March 4, 1797, and left Philadelphia two days later for Mount Vernon. There he wrote to an old friend that he did not intend to allow the political turmoil of the country to disturb his ease. I shall view things, he said, in the light of mild philosophy. But he did not always agree to this resolve. He strongly opposed the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, which where an attempt to limit federal powers in line with Jefferson's beliefs. These resolutions seemed to Washington a formula for the dissolution of the Union. In that year also, he accepted the nominal command of the army should the undeclared hostility with France develop into open war. The last journey of his life, in 1799, were to the army camp at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and to Philadelphia to consult on any matters. Early on the morning of December 14, 1799, Washington awoke with an inflamed throat. His condition rapidly got worse. He was further weakened by medical treatment that involved frequent blood letting. He faced death calmly and died at 11:30 later that night. In the national mourning that followed, many tributes were paid to Washington. President Adams call the most illustrious and beloved person

History of Hull House and Some of Its Famous Residents

History of Hull House and Some of Its Famous Residents Hull House was founded in 1889 and the association ceased operations in 2012. The museum honoring Hull House is still in operation, preserving history and heritage of Hull House and its related Association. Also called: Hull-House Hull House was a settlement house founded by  Jane Addams  and  Ellen Gates Starr  in 1889 in Chicago, Illinois. It was one of the first settlement houses in the United States. The building, originally a home owned by a family named Hull, was being used as a warehouse when Jane Addams and Ellen Starr acquired it. The building is a Chicago landmark as of 1974. Buildings At its height, Hull House was actually a collection of buildings; only two survive today, with the rest being displaced to build the University of Illinois at Chicago campus. It is today the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, part of the College of Architecture and the Arts of that university. When the buildings and land were sold to the university, the Hull House Association dispersed into multiple locations around Chicago. The Hull House Association closed in 2012 due to financial difficulties with a changing economy and federal program requirements; the museum, unconnected to the Association, remains in operation. The Settlement House Project The settlement house was modeled on that of Toynbee Hall in London, where the residents were men; Addams intended it to be a community of women residents, though some men were also residents over the years. The residents were often well-educated women (or men) who would, in their work at the settlement house, advance opportunities for the working class people of the neighborhood. The neighborhood around Hull House was ethnically diverse; a study by the residents of the demographics helped lay the groundwork for scientific sociology. Classes often resonated with the cultural background of the neighbors; John Dewey (the educational philosopher) taught a class on Greek philosophy there to Greek immigrant men, with the aim of what we might call today building self-esteem. Hull House brought theatrical works to the neighborhood, in a theater on the site. Hull House also established a kindergarten for children of working mothers, the first public playground, and first public gymnasium, and worked on many issues of social reform, including juvenile courts, immigrant issues, womens rights, public health and safety, and child labor reform. Hull House Residents Some women who were notable residents of Hull House: Jane Addams: founder and main resident of Hull House from its founding to her death.Ellen Gates Starr: partner in founding Hull House, she was less active as time went on and moved to a convent to care for her after she was paralyzed in 1929.Sophonisba Breckinridge: considered one of the main founders of social work, she was a university professor and administrator at the University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration.Alice Hamilton, a physician who taught at the Women’s Medical School of Northwestern University while living at Hull House. She became an expert on industrial medicine and health.Florence Kelley: head of the National Consumers’ League for 34 years, she worked for protective labor legislation for women and for laws against child labor.Julia Lathrop: an advocate for various social reforms, she headed the U.S. Children’s Bureau from 1912 – 1921.Mary Kenney OSullivan, a labor organizer, built connections between Hull House and the labor movement.  She helped found the Womens Trade Union League. Mary McDowell: she helped found the  Womens Trade Union League  (WTUL), and helped establish a settlement house near Chicago’s stockyards.Frances Perkins: a reformer working on labor issues, she was appointed in 1932 as Secretary of Labor by President Roosevelt, the first woman in a US cabinet position.Edith Abbott: a pioneer in social work and social service administration, she taught and was dean at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration.Grace Abbott: younger sister of Edith Abbott, she worked with the Immigrants’ Protective League in Chicago, and served in Washington with the Children’s Bureau, first as head of the Industrial Department enforcing child labor laws and contracts, and then as director (1917 – 1919 and 1921 – 1934).Ethel Percy Andrus: a long-time educator and principal in Los Angeles, where she was known for progressive education ideas, after retirement she founded the National Retired Teachers Association and the American Association of Retired Persons. Neva Boyd: she educated nursery and kindergarten teachers, believing in the importance of play and children’s natural curiosity as the basis of learning.Carmelita Chase Hinton: an educator known especially for her work at Putney School; she organized for peace in the 1950s and 1960s. Others Connected With Hull House Lucy Flower: a supporter of Hull House and connected to many of the women residents, she worked for childrens rights, including the establishment of a juvenile court system, and  founded the first nursing school west of Pennsylvania, the Illinois Training School for Nurses.Ida B. Wells-Barnett worked with Jane Addams and others of Hull House, particularly on racial problems in the Chicago public schools. A Few of the Men Who Were Residents of Hull House for at Least Some Time Robert Morss Lovett: a reformer and English professor at the University of ChicagoWillard Motley: an African American novelistGerard Swope: an engineer who was a top manager at General Electric, and who during the New Deal’s recovery from the Depression was pro-federal programs and pro-unionization. Official Website Hull House Museum

How to Lead Effective Meetings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to Lead Effective Meetings - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  agenda is a list of items that need to be discussed by the participants in order to achieve the objectives of a meeting. Being a form of early warning system, agenda helps the participants of a meeting to be prepared on how to deal with the various topics that will be covered in the meeting. To achieve the goals of the meetings, it is fundamental for the participants to be well prepared before a meeting. Thus, the main role of agenda is to provide the participants with the information in order ensure they are prepared. An agenda works as a time table that is followed by the participants during a meeting.According to the paper findings  an agenda is structured into three major items. The first one is common items that include apologies for absence, minutes of last meeting and matters arising. The second part is specific items that include accounts, special reports and appointments. Thirdly, an agenda has concluding items that includes any other busine ss (AOB) and the date of next meeting. For a meeting to be successful in meeting its aims, all the three items of the agenda must be covered.  Prior to a meeting, Peytons General Supplies department managers ensures adequate preparation. Meeting preparation takes four major steps. First, the managers identify the reasons of holding the meeting. In this way, they ensure that the meetings have clear goals. Secondly, the managers identify who should attend the meeting.

Health professional Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health professional - Research Paper Example The argument that has come to light in relationship to this dual role assumption has been whether or not effective treatment can be given by those who are assuming administrative roles and whether or not administrative roles are being properly attended when the needs of patients are also the responsibility of the care giver. The loss of medical professionals to the administrative side of medical practice may constitute a loss, but the need for quality policy decisions provides for the hope that in losing medical professionals to administration, the overall profession will thrive. While the distance that is created by fulfilling an administrative position may sever empathy, an effort to continue connecting to patients can help to create good decision making experiences. Since the year 2000 the medical field has experienced rapid changes in relationship to the demanding expectations for professional medical personnel to take on deeper and more integral roles in administration (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Dual roles have meant that health care professionals have had to assume the duties of administration while continuing to treat patients. This means expertise in both administrative roles and the role of health care provider must be gained to be an effective part of the medical field. The argument that has come to light in relationship to this dual role assumption has been whether or not effective treatment can be given by those who are assuming administrative roles and whether or not administrative roles are being properly attended when the needs of patients are also the responsibility of the care giver (Williams & Torrens, 2008). In addition, medical professionals are also becoming a part of healthcare policy decisions which brings into question if there is a conflict of interest between the needs of the medical profession with the needs of the public where policy is concerned (Williams & Torrens, 2008). At

CH 11 - ISMG 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CH 11 - ISMG 3000 - Essay Example But at least, it would not jeopardize the whole credibility and viability of the business on a longer term framework. Besides, by shutting down the system, and trying to rush things into putting back normal operations within 3 or 4 days, the more that IT personnel might increase tendencies to commit mistakes and gravely endanger rushing the system back into full operations within a short time frame. One strongly believes that there is no need to disclose anything in the outside world given that IT personnel has not proven any form of intrusion, in the first place. The implications for making such a pre-emptive public announcement could cause chaos and undue stress to their customers which could actually compromise their corporate image. If eventually proven that no intrusion of any kind was actually encountered, it would be difficult to negate the previous public disclosure or announcement that was made. Barton still has a job since his overall performance as head of the IT department was in fact exemplary and extraordinary. It was really not his fault that there were chaos and security issues that emerged during his helm. His other undertakings as CIO have been commended considerably by Williams and by other members of his IT team which is indicative of his competence and extraordinary qualities and skills as a manager. As such, his strengths could be used favorably to contribute to the growth of IVK in the long run. One honestly shares the same contention that one’s immediate supervisor or boss needs to know the bad news first, even if it is just initially a hunch. Just like the strategy that was applied by Barton, he perfectly justified using this strategy to immediately relay the least palatable option in situations of problems or concerns so that the boss is evidently prepared and apprised of the worst scenario and would not be surprised that it could come to facing that particular course of action. This is consistent

Heritage Assessment in Health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heritage Assessment in Health Promotion - Essay Example Upon interviewing three families from different cultural backgrounds, it became obvious that the differences in health practices are sometimes rooted in religious beliefs, which is of course, a large part of the culture. An effective health care provider has to understand that some people from certain cultural backgrounds may be more sensitive regarding their health practices and beliefs, particularly if it has a religious basis. For example, an Orthodox Jewish woman recounted her story when she gave birth to her first child. She went through long and severe labor pains that were eased only by consistent back rubs. Her husband could not touch her because according to Orthodox Jewish beliefs, women undergoing labor are â€Å"unclean†. Her husband and the attending nurse at that time had a minor argument regarding who should continue her back rubs, with the nurse believing that the husband could help since the nurse had other patients to attend to. She also mentioned that women should only do the caring for the sick. Consequently, it is not acceptable for men to attend to women who had just given birth. Food intake is also different, as Jewish people has a specific standard for acceptable foods, making sure that everything is â€Å"Kosher† (a symbol ensuring that food is prepared in line with the Orthodox Jewish regulations). (Galanti, 2008, p.82). Another example is stated by a traditional Muslim female from Abu Dhabi. This woman mentioned that they are particular in their food intake, just like the Jews, ensuring that everything is â€Å"Halal† (a symbol ensuring that food is prepared according to Muslim law) (Galanti, 2008, p.87). This could pose a concern, for example, in determining a patient’s diet, as the medical practitioner should guarantee that the diet plan coincides with the patient’s beliefs and lifestyle. Health conditions are also referred to gender-specific doctors (male doctors for male patients and female doctors for female patients), and health care is only acceptable from same-gender caregivers. According to the interviewee, even in emergencies, some traditional Muslims could demand medical attention to be provided only under acceptable Islamic conditions. Another good example is provided by a Chinese exchange student who grew up in Mainland China. She mentioned t hat her family is very traditional when it comes to health care. HERITAGE ASSESSMENT 4 She

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis - Essay Example For example, men are depicted as people who do not value women and hence despise their importance. On that prospect, there is a loss of personal identity among the women because of the persistent male domination. This loss of identity is apparent in the marriages of Mrs. Hale, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Wright. Therefore, when Mrs. Wright who was initially called Minnie murders her husband John Wright, the two women conspire to protect her â€Å"†¦I might have known she needed help! I tell you, it's queer, Mrs. Peters† (Glaspell 17). Another view of marriage depicted by the playwright is that women are making efforts to reclaim their respect and dignity. From the play, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are seen showing extreme sympathy toward the wife of the victim in a sense of solidarity. In other words, both women make attempts in comprehending the guiding motives that led Minnie to wring the neck of her husband, John Wright. The women decide to settle on this idea because men taske d with the investigations are emotionless and cold with the existing material facts. The suggestions from these acts indicate that women are deemed as nothing in the eyes of the law. Apart from the aforementioned reasons of marriage offered by Susan Glaspell, there is the disregard by the law towards marriage. For example, the county attorney does not find pride in Mrs. Peter because she has been married by a cop. On that note, the attorney remarks she is â€Å"married to the law†¦ (Glaspell 14) meaning she is a person who is dominated by husband. There is also a conduct of timidity displayed among the two women especially when they are conversing. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are fond of sitting together suggesting a lack of strength among themselves even in their matrimonial homes. Furthermore, it depicts an inferiority complex complimented by the body language when investigation is being conducted concerning the murder of John Wright. Alternatively, the incompetency of men to show compassion for Minnie who is accused of murdering her husband shows a lack of dignity for marriage. Moreover, the death of the bird belonging to Minnie is a symbol of the destruction of women’s fancies in marriages. Another aspect is the men constantly ridiculing the roles played by women from the county attorney who is tasked with investigations to the sheriff. This is exemplified when the sheriff dismisses the fruits that have frozen in the cupboard instead of complimenting the hard work of the women. On the same perspective, views of marriage in, ‘Trifles’ is that of men who are constantly blaming women for their woes. This is apparent when the County attorney disparages the housekeeping skills of Mrs. Wright when they go to conduct investigations. However, in solidarity with her friend, Mrs. Hale comes to her defense by stating that housework is tough on a farm. This leads the County Attorney to minimize his ridicule and continue with other investigative roles inside the home of Mrs. Wright (Glaspell, 2010). Another defense fronted by Mrs. Hale that exposes the desperate attempt by women to defend their marriages is when she confronts the County Attorney. This is concerning the murder of John Wright. She explains to the investigation team that the home of Mrs. Wright was not a cheerful place, but Mrs. Wright had exceptional homemaking skills. However, the County Attorney continues to level blame on Mrs. Wright by claiming it’

Teaching English in elementary schools in Saudi Arabia Literature review

Teaching English in elementary schools in Saudi Arabia - Literature review Example The reason is that variables involved in the development process cover those areas that this paper is interested in – the demographics of the young learners (at what age children usually learn English), the teaching content (such as how religion can be integrated in the instruction), teaching methodologies, perceived problems that are unique to Saudi children and their solutions, among others. Literature on the demographics of young learners in Saudi Arabia is quite scarce. This is more so in the field of ESL or what in identifying studies that actually investigated the beginning age of ESL learners in the country. There are researchers, however, who have mentioned some information and pertinent facts regarding this matter in their wider discourse of either English learning in the Middle East or as part of the wider profile of Saudi Arabia. An excellent example is Abir’s (1993) insights on the issue. He stated, for instance, that â€Å"the standard of education in the urban centres catering to the Saudis of middle-class background is on the whole relatively low,† and that â€Å"memorising is still the backbone of the system, while standard of English†¦ is uneven and often very poor.† (p. ... (Bingham, p. 435) Beginners are usually assessed according to their English language competency and currently they have more than 600 students coming from both expatriates and Saudis alike. Similar international schools roughly adopt the same standards. Meanwhile, the national average of new learners is glaringly different. Wilson, for example, wrote that based on statistics, Saudi children start learning at a later age but that enrolment is increasing rapidly because of extensive support from the government. (p. 106) In addition public elementary schools are usually late in introducing ESL as opposed to the private schools like in the case of Jeddah Prep & Grammar School, which has been established by British and Dutch expatriates. According to Abdan (2002), elementary students should be introduced to English in elementary school because public elementary school students are presently underexposed to the language since English is not part of the national curriculum. (p. 265-266) The benefits of introducing English to young learners, preferably to be integrated in the elementary education curriculum have been cited and proven by numerous studies. These benefits are explained in various arguments ranging from the social, cultural to psychological. According to Nikolov and the European Centre for Modern Languages (2007), young children can benefit from early language learning in the same way as older pupils do. In their research, they found that majority of teachers have been surprised to find how quickly young children pick-up English. (p. 26) It is for this reason why, in America, immigrants immediately send their children to school to learn English as part of the faster strategy to assimilate in the society. (Welch

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis - Essay Example For example, men are depicted as people who do not value women and hence despise their importance. On that prospect, there is a loss of personal identity among the women because of the persistent male domination. This loss of identity is apparent in the marriages of Mrs. Hale, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Wright. Therefore, when Mrs. Wright who was initially called Minnie murders her husband John Wright, the two women conspire to protect her â€Å"†¦I might have known she needed help! I tell you, it's queer, Mrs. Peters† (Glaspell 17). Another view of marriage depicted by the playwright is that women are making efforts to reclaim their respect and dignity. From the play, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are seen showing extreme sympathy toward the wife of the victim in a sense of solidarity. In other words, both women make attempts in comprehending the guiding motives that led Minnie to wring the neck of her husband, John Wright. The women decide to settle on this idea because men taske d with the investigations are emotionless and cold with the existing material facts. The suggestions from these acts indicate that women are deemed as nothing in the eyes of the law. Apart from the aforementioned reasons of marriage offered by Susan Glaspell, there is the disregard by the law towards marriage. For example, the county attorney does not find pride in Mrs. Peter because she has been married by a cop. On that note, the attorney remarks she is â€Å"married to the law†¦ (Glaspell 14) meaning she is a person who is dominated by husband. There is also a conduct of timidity displayed among the two women especially when they are conversing. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are fond of sitting together suggesting a lack of strength among themselves even in their matrimonial homes. Furthermore, it depicts an inferiority complex complimented by the body language when investigation is being conducted concerning the murder of John Wright. Alternatively, the incompetency of men to show compassion for Minnie who is accused of murdering her husband shows a lack of dignity for marriage. Moreover, the death of the bird belonging to Minnie is a symbol of the destruction of women’s fancies in marriages. Another aspect is the men constantly ridiculing the roles played by women from the county attorney who is tasked with investigations to the sheriff. This is exemplified when the sheriff dismisses the fruits that have frozen in the cupboard instead of complimenting the hard work of the women. On the same perspective, views of marriage in, ‘Trifles’ is that of men who are constantly blaming women for their woes. This is apparent when the County attorney disparages the housekeeping skills of Mrs. Wright when they go to conduct investigations. However, in solidarity with her friend, Mrs. Hale comes to her defense by stating that housework is tough on a farm. This leads the County Attorney to minimize his ridicule and continue with other investigative roles inside the home of Mrs. Wright (Glaspell, 2010). Another defense fronted by Mrs. Hale that exposes the desperate attempt by women to defend their marriages is when she confronts the County Attorney. This is concerning the murder of John Wright. She explains to the investigation team that the home of Mrs. Wright was not a cheerful place, but Mrs. Wright had exceptional homemaking skills. However, the County Attorney continues to level blame on Mrs. Wright by claiming it’

The Tragedy of September 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Tragedy of September 11 - Essay Example The paper "The Tragedy of September 11" explores the tragedy in the USA. After 9/11 the US residents were supportive of president’s Bush declaration of war. Americans had suffered a great human loss as a result of a cowardly attack on American civilians. The American citizens were outraged and wanted action and retaliation against the perpetrators that destroyed downtown New York. There was no clear target as far the attack coming from typical enemies such a war declaration from another country. The government decided that the entire Middle East region was at fault because many terrorist organizations loomed in the area. This characterization of an entire race was a carefully plotted plan which utilized imaginative geographies to justify a full blown attack against Afghanistan and Iraq which were perceived as the epicenter in which the terrorist were located and planned their attacks against western nations. This paper analyzes how the â€Å"War on Terror† has utilized imaginative geographies as an effective strategic tool to continue its presence in the Middle East for nearly six years. Imaginative geographies refers to the dramatization of the differences between a dominant culture and another culture, ‘us’ and ‘them’, employed by folding difference in distance as the key to create made up perceptions of events occurring in a place based on prejudice, racial disparity and other generalization of an opposite culture. The U.S military and its allies including the British regime utilized imaginary geography.

Ethics And Values

Ethics And Values Ethical dilemma The ethical dilemma I will discuss will be based on some truth of an event that happened when I was a support worker five years ago in a mental health trust organisation. The patient will be referred to as girl ‘A and members of the multidisciplinary team will be referred to as professionals. A very brief description of the girls mental health illness was schizophrenia this can have an effect on a persons mind in such a way that they can hear voices and send smells that are not real to the human eye. Other features can include delusional thoughts this is where the person can believe that certain situations and circumstances have happened to them and it is very clear to the person on the contrary it can make a person feel that others do not believe them (CAMHS, 2002). The ethical dilemma Girl ‘A was 15 years of age, when she was sectioned under the 1983 Mental Health Act section 2. Girl ‘A received a letter from a friend at home. This letter revealed that her friend had been raped from girl ‘As mothers boyfriend. Girl ‘A had prior to this letter disclosed to the nursing team that she herself had been raped from her mothers boyfriend. She decided not to take action for fear of losing the relationship she had recently built up with her mother. At this time the girl wanted her mother to never find out about the disclosure of this rape ordeal. The friend told girl ‘A that this situation was going to court. At this point girl ‘A decided it was time to put closure on her own rape ordeal and therefore wanted to go to court and declare her own rape ordeal. The ethical dilemma is should the girl called go to court or not? Reference Reading from Leathard, A. McLaren. (2007) Ethics contemporary challenges in health and social care. The Policy Press: UK. There are three more approaches which often conflict with many ethical problems they are deontology, conceptualism and virtue ethics (Leathard McLaren, 2007). It approaches can give directions to ethical dilemmas. Consequentialism -also referred to as utiliarism discovered by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. The aims of this approach are consider the consequences of taking a particular form of action (ibid). All areas of an ethical dilemma using this approach would be given equal weight when considering the outcome (ibid). In health care this approach can be seen to be used when considering decisions that need to be made about the allocation of resources (ibid). Personal Values my personal values You will describe your values but there is no right/wrong answer to this. It is basically how you presented your dilemma to the ethic group |Julie. How does my personal knowledge, culture, and life experience affect this dilemma for you? feelings What values are in conflict and how has this made you feel? What were your fears? Given similar circumstances with another person would the outcome be the same? how do these impact on the questions you asked resp. to me as a person PROCESS How and why am I making a choice I am making i.e., what did I think, feel, and what did I do or not do? How was my decision making affective by what factors of legislation, standards, policies and organisational policies/procedures and values? What other resources would be helpful to me in making the decisions about the dilemma? Keep using reflection I think this part Julie is where you have begun to described the different ethical approaches. Deontology deon means duty and ology is the science, this approach was discovered by Kantian. The aims of this approach does not consider the consequences rather it acts on what is morally right, in particular deontologists treat the situation or client with respect for individuality which is its greatest importance. This approach would not approve of telling lies to a client even if it was in the best interest. Any decision is made using deontology would have to be based on fact. Duty based theories which would allow the worker and the client to acts of the greatest outcome which would avoid harm. This approach recognises autonomy, trust and the equity of provisions (ibid). Virtue derived from Aristotelian ideologies. Thomas Aquinas (1990) defines virtue ethics is not only knowledge but also the approach taken to provide integration using this knowledge for an ethical dilemma situation, an area of â€Å"manifestation of ethical professional behaviour† (ibid: 71). Virtue ethics describe a persons character beliefs and values quality is in actions that they believe are morally sound. Beauchamp and Childress (1989) describe four ethical principles that should be considered when dealing with any ethical dilemma they are: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice (ibid: 72). However these four ethical principles at times can conflict therefore critical judgement is required when choosing a particular procedure to take. These four ethical principles they can provide a framework to assist the worker(s)/client(s) situation by empowering the thinking process, this helps with the decision process of the ethical dilemma (ibid). In virtuous practitioner must take into account the different viewpoints by recognising the potential conflicts that can happen between these four ethical principles. It is therefore recommended that a practitioner makes critical judgements as to which approach would be more appropriate to the ethical dilemma. â€Å"Gardiner (2003) comments that the virtuous practitioner is driven by deep desire to behave well and that this approach has a flexibility that can encourage innovative solutions while acknowledging that there will often be elements of pain or regret† (ibid: 76). So from the ethical dilemma if beneficence was applied the patients best interest and wishes and feelings would have been considered using this approach. Although, it could appear harmful to the patient, if the sole views of her situation were considered because this could have had an adverse effect on the best interests of the patient. Non-maleficence applying this approach to the ethical dilemma could show how the professional has protected the patient from actual or potential harm; this is particularly successful when the practitioner evaluates his/her knowledge and skills realistically ensuring any form of intervention is taken within their professional capacity. However should the worker feel there could be limitations then they should seek and share this information with the team of professionals caring for the girl? This particular approach may have been applied from support worker/primary care workers point of view this is because non-maleficence provides the support worker/primary care worker with more details from the clients perspective of the situation whereas; a professional may only work with the girl on if few occasions. Therefore the implications of the support worker/primary care worker not sharing information with other professionals can cause great harm to the patient. If the support worker/prima ry care worker advises the patient â€Å"there is nothing more I can do† then this will be harmful and unhelpful to the patient (ibid: 74). Autonomy the principle of autonomy and impact on disclosure and confidentiality. However a patient has a right to information about their condition and their situation, the patients views beliefs and values should be respected. Although, legally the girl in the ethical dilemma was sectioned under the 1983 mental health act section 2 and therefore their grounds a practitioner must take with regards to an appropriate decision this can conflict the patients best interest/wishes and feelings. Using the ethical dilemma in this instance shows when â€Å"beneficence or non-maleficence overruling patient autonomy† (ibid: 75). The practitioner will endeavour to the first duty to the patient however the practitioner must balance this duty to the patient with regard to the wider risks and involvement of others. Gillon (2003), autonomy is a component of the other three ethical principles and autonomy should take priority with respect for the patient (ibid). Justice and equity â€Å"The Aristotelian principles suggest that I trust system should ensure equal and should be treated equally and unequals unequally† (ibid: 77). Considering justice and equity to the ethical dilemma the patient may feel the decision to not go to court un-fair. However the practitioner should deliver an Albanys about the criteria that was used to make the decisions they made about this ethical dilemma. The principles of justice and equity can allow for decisions to be made and distributed according to the patients need, merits, capacity or rights. In this situation a practitioner may remind the patient of her rights in respect to a complaints procedure (ibid). ISSUES POWER/polices What are the rights of the child? What rights as a person? Are there any rights in terms of seeking closure? All your doing here is answering and showing Why and what policies may be used with this dilemma. Julie notes for power every child matters is a Green paper that was published in 2003 by the government as a response to the death of Victoria Climbie. In 2000 for the childrens act became law from a thorough consultation process and it is this legislation that underpins the legalities of Every Child Matters, by ensuring five necessary outcomes are followed when ensuring the health, safety and well being of children from birth to 19 years. The five outcomes are being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being (Every Child Matters, 2003 Cited in http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/ on 20/10/09 @ 13:05). RESP.OF ORG. What is the organisations point of view? Ie NHS, CAMHS why do they use them what are the values of these principles to s/u Organisations policies This report sets out a new vision for the future of mental health and well-being in England. Based on four principles, it outlines the priorities we believe should underpin mental health policy for the next decade. Our four principles for mental health policy are: Mental health and well-being is everybodys business. It affects every family in Britain and it can only be improved if coordinated, assertive action is taken across Whitehall and at all levels of government. Good mental health holds the key to a better quality of life in Britain. We need to promote positive mental health, prevent mental ill health and intervene early when people become unwell. People should get as much support to gain a good quality of life and fulfil their potential from mental health services as they expect to receive from physical healthcare services. Mental health care should offer hope and support for people to recover and live their lives on their own terms. We need a new relationship between mental health services and those who use them. Service users, carers and communities should be offered an active role in shaping the support available to them. With these principles at the heart of policy, we believe we can create a society in which good mental health is nurtured and in which mental ill health is managed well. As a consequence, our mental well-being will be a core concern of government. Effective action to promote good mental health will be taken among people of all ages and diverse backgrounds. People who experience mental distress will receive timely support to live well and have a fair and equal chance to fulfill their potential. The actions that would be needed to make our vision a reality are summarized overleaf. (Health, 2009) Organisation/mental health What is sectioning? Most patients in hospital wards cannot be prevented from leaving when they wish, and their consent must be obtained before treatment is given. The same applies to most patients who are in hospital for psychiatric treatment. They do not object to being in hospital or being treated and are referred to as ‘informal or ‘voluntary patients. However, the Mental Health Act 1983 allows some people to be detained in hospital. When this happens, they are called ‘detained patients and their consent to treatment may no longer be required. This is often known as being ‘sectioned. Some people are detained in hospital by the courts after being charged with a crime. (See Mind rights guide 5: mental health and the courts.) However, most people are detained under the ‘civil sections of the Mental Health Act, which does not involve a court at all. This booklet sets out what must happen before someone can be detained under a civil section, and outlines some of the effects. Mind rights guides 2-5 describe, in more detail, other relevant information about consent to treatment and what to do if you are being detained and you want to leave hospital. What is the process for detaining someone under a civil section? There are two main civil sections of the Mental Health Act 1983, which are used to detain someone: section 2 and section 3. For each section, three people must agree that the individual needs to be detained. Usually, they would be an Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP), a section 12 approved doctor and a registered medical practitioner. The two doctors must agree the person needs to be in hospital and recommend detention. Then, the AMHP decides whether or not to make an application for the persons compulsory admission to hospital. The Nearest Relative (NR) (see below) has the right to make an application. However, the Mental Health Act Code of Practice makes it clear that an AMHP is the preferred applicant and applications by an NR are very rare (the preference for the AMHP as applicant over the NR is re-stated in the new Code of Practice at para 4.28). It does not matter where the person is at the time. They may be at home, in hospital, in a place of safety, or in a police station following an arrest for an alleged criminal offence. In an urgent situation, someone may be admitted to hospital compulsorily, with only one medical recommendation to support an application (section 4). This is allowed if it is felt the criteria for section 2 (see below) are met, but there is no time to wait for another medical recommendation. The second medical recommendation must be obtained within 72 hours. It is important to note that people need not have committed a crime to be detained under a civil section. The law allows anyone to be detained under the procedure described above. What do the different civil sections mean? Section 2 allows for a person to be detained if they are suffering from a mental disorder and they need to be detained, at least for a limited period, for assessment (or for assessment followed by medical treatment) for their own health or safety, or for the protection of other people. Detention can last for up to 28 days. The section cant be renewed, but you may be assessed before the 28 days expires to see if detention under section 3 is necessary. Section 3 allows for a person to be detained if they have a mental disorder, and it is necessary for their own health or safety, or for the protection of other people, and treatment cannot be provided unless they are detained in hospital. A patient cannot be detained under this section unless the doctors also agree that appropriate medical treatment is available for him or her. Detention can last for up to six months. The section can then be renewed by six months, initially, and by a year at a time, subsequently (MIND, 2009). Other professionals Alan suggest the Mental Health Act could be one. What rights does she have under this ACT? Who was present? Consider their positions, charaters, virtues, values ect. why is it a dilemma DEONTOLOGY This is what is meant by your code of conduct this is the link between philsophy and practice it is through the codes of conduct. You will show how the philosophy feeds into codes of conduct and then feeds into practice. Alan explains this is about respect for the person and autonomy. So you need to say A deontology approach would argue this. and this approach would be used because of this Alan gives an example of how to apply this to your scenario: Julie you could argue from one position that deontology is a person in her own right, this does not exist therefore the duty is to the right of this person this is quite deontological this approach also looks at Law, human rights, that sort of thing. Most social workers are this approach All you have to do here is say how and why this approach may be applied to the scenario and where it come from i.e., KANT Consequential/Unitarianism This is what is meant by your code of conduct this is the link between philsophy and practice it is through the codes of conduct. You will show how the philosophy feeds into codes of conduct and then feeds into practice. Alan notes. â€Å"A unitarism approach would argue this. and this approach would be used because of this.Alan example of how to hit this, Consequentialism would suggest you look at the outcomes, if we do not intervene at this point and show some support then this person will suffer damage, they could be harmed that is more this approach and this is the link I want you to make. Most social worker are this approach. All your doing here is saying where did this approach come from how and why would it be used in your dilemma virtue ethics Virtue ethics = the character of the person, so in the same way that I was arguing with the boys you could argue your point of view with your dilemma Alan. Questions to ask and answer with these approaches are: What is the thing that makes one of them valid? â€Å"Probably the character of the person doing the argument†! other words you Julie are very dominate and persuading and therefore one needs to ask is your position genuine? I s it a valid argument? Are you taking it from integrity (honesty, goodness) or serenity (calm, peace, composure, calmness)? All you doing here is saying where this approach came from and why and how would it be used in this dilemma Code of ethic Values These three streams of values in social work influence our practice and are described as TRADITIONAL (being to the tradition route), EMANCIPATORY (to give independence to free someone from something) AND GOVERNANCE (controlled or overlooked by government) Values. How did the GSCC; BASW; and NOS codes of ethics guide your decision and practice outcomes? social constructionist view bibliography

History of the CAU Art Gallery :: essays research papers

The CAU Art Gallery is a shining dedication to the black experience in the collective history of the US, and the world. The pieces contained within the CAU Art Gallery are of the finest quality and importance. The works are donated by friends of the institution and gifts given by patrons of the art world. Some of today’s most influential painters and artists have work on exhibition at the Art Gallery. The history of the CAU Art Gallery is both long and illustrious. In 1931, Hale Woodruff joined the faculty at the Atlanta University to help bolster the art program. In 1942, Alain Locke initiated a series of annual art series at the Atlanta University, called Exhibitions of Paintings, Sculpture & Prints by Negro Artists of America. In 1959, the Art Gallery is named after Catherine Hughes Wadell who donated 81 pieces to the gallery. The African Art collection was started in1968 thanks to the donations of several patrons. In 1969, the gallery received a gift of 16 paintings from William H. Johnson. The last Exhibitions took place in 1970. Judge Irwin C. Mollison collection is acquired, consisting of paintings and prints by William McKnight Farrow, Archibald Motley and William Eduard Scott. In 1994, renovation of the former library facility, Trevor Arnett, took place to re-house collection in the reading room. In 1995, Bequest received from James Baldwin a fine art collection and gift from artist Larry Walker. In 1996, the new gallery reopened in collaboration with the Olympic Arts Festival under its current name Clark Atlanta University Art Galleries. In 1997, they acquired gifts of works by: Lonnie Graham, Bob Tomlinson and Charles Dawson. In 1998, Radcliffe Bailey created and donated the Date of Arrival in honor of Hale Woodruff and lineage of professors. The Collection received artist’s gifts from Helen Cohen and strip quilts from the Tysons, thereby initiating an African American quilt collection. In 1999, Bill Hodges Galleries donated paintings by Norman Lewis.

Security on the Internet Essay example -- essays research papers

Security on the Internet Today's information is highly interconnected by the internet. With this interconnection of computer systems through the internet comes computer crime. Breaking into computer systems, damaging information, and stealing information, more commonly known as hacking, has become extremely common on the internet. As hacking becomes more frequent, and as some would say, more of a problem, should we consider hacking a criminal activity? Information from across the world is stored on computer systems-most of which are connected, networked, to other computer systems through the internet. â€Å"In the ideal situation, this interconnection of information enables others from outside a specific computer network to access that specific computer network and its information.† (Amoroso, 2003) This has created a world in which information is extremely important and extremely easy to access, which in turn has created a government, business, and personal society that is dependant on and successful from the networked information. But this network also has its drawbacks. Besides enabling people who need to use the information for legitimate business or personal use to gain access, the network also-often unknowingly-enables unauthorized people to gain access to the information; in one way or another, no matter what kind of network security they have implemented. Gaining access to a computer system that does not intentionally allow you access is called hacking. Microsoft's Internet Explorer has it’s flaws, and criminal hackers cracker know it. In recent weeks, these evildoers have staged several well-orchestrated Internet Explorer attacks designed to steal your banking and credit card information. The result has been that you can't trust the internet. How will you know if a secure site is truly safe? Here's a look at what's wrong with internet security and what you can do to keep your data under lock and key. That issue is not the only one, but several flaws are contained within internet. Some well known and some not so well known so-called zero day attacks. All of the serious attacks also use tiny apps called keystroke-logging Trojan horses, which capture IDs, passwords, and credit card information as you type them. And all of the attacks so far happen without users even suspecting there's anything wrong. Elements of the Russian mafia coordinated a brilliant... ...more regulation comes more policing, and with more policing less freedom and privacy. Other non-hackers believe that hackers need to be caught and punished, but without taking away the freedom and privacy that the Internet offers now. They do not want the government or law enforcement to monitor the Internet. They only want better laws to prosecute the hackers after they are caught, and better ways of catching the hackers without infringing on the general public's security. References Amoroso, Edward. 2003 â€Å"Fundamentals of Internet Security Technology† Publisher: P T R Prentice Hall. Cohen, Frederick B. 2004 â€Å"Protection and Security on the Information Superhighway† Publisher: New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fream, Anne M. 2001 â€Å"A Social Learning Theory Analysis of Computer Crime Among College Students† Publisher: Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency Schwartau, Winn. 2002 â€Å"Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway† Publisher: New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. Sullivan, A. 2005. Hackers aren’t just picking on Microsoft: study. Retrieved May 2, 2005, from http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=domesticNews&storyID=8359040

Art and How It Effects the Geographical

In today’s world the question of what is art is one that most people would have mixed responses and views on. This may be due to the rise of technology, specifically the dependence of the internet on people’s everyday lives. The idea of Art seems to get lost in today’s world and newer generations have distanced themselves from art. There once was such a heavily reliance and dependence on art in people’s everyday lives but with time this has slowly started to fade. In the Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary there are sixty eight definitions for ‘Art’. The definition that many people associate with or people with some knowledge about art tend to use from the Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary is that it is something produced as an artistic effort or for decorative purposes. Another definition for art from the same dictionary is the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects. Many people interpret art in many different ways. This is very evident in today’s society with regards to people and relating what they are practicing, believing or doing to a form of art. This may be controversial in some cases which, over time have led to there being many conflicts and wars over such issues relating back to art. Famous pieces of art have been created over time, by famous artists who have shaped the world of art of today. Lobbyist groups, culture groups and other parties have formed over time and have used different forms of art to come together to promote awareness to their group or cause. Political involvement in the Art’s sector is something that over time has become an issue for some people who do not agree with how money is being allocated for the arts. In some cases how the government handles situations in relation to the Arts and funding is questioned sometimes because some people feel like they are not being cared for or assisted. As discussed in the article Lobbying for Arts and Culture by Jason Hall, during the 1970s, arts and culture lobbying became a bigger issue at the federal level. It was during this time that the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities (NEA and NEH) and The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) were created. This creation allowed for lobbying to become intensely focused at a federal level. Along with these creations came annual appropriations, which meant that money was now being set aside for funding of the Arts. This was something that at first many people were not aware of was happening, but once people realized the issue became a bigger one for everyone involved. At one point funding was as high as 175 million a year for the Arts in the United States, specifically Washington D. C. The culture wars of the 1980’s and 1990 have brought tension between cultures for reasons relating in back to art. With the creation of these boards, services and relations the wars were able to fade in the late 1990’s as culture and art became more intertwined with people’s everyday lives. Around this time is when the electronic boom happened and advancements in technology exploded around the world. With new creations and inventions increasing the way people interact with each other people were now able to collect information in ways they have never been able to do before. This was something that benefitted most parties involved but also left a window for people to be exposed. With this new technology at many institutions and people’s disposal more political issues were able to be handled in a quicker manor. What many people fail to realize with Art is since many people see it as such a broad topic people can relate to art in many different ways through beliefs, views, practises and talents. This idea has raised questions for future generations because the decline in people participating in some form of art is raising thanks in part to a variety of reasons. The main argument deals with technology and how people today are more interested in electronics as opposed to the Arts. There are still many people today who rely and believe heavily in the Arts. The sad reality is that number is not what it once was bringing up many questions people do not have answers for. An example would be since funding today is so great for the Arts in many cases across Canada and the United States and other parts of the world will the investments now be used and appreciated in the future. The market for art depends on the people involved wither it is paintings, religions, music or any other form of art. Depending on the audience some forms of art are enjoyed by more people with more funding going in the direction of the places or practises that are less popular to the general public but still attract guests and people associated with that form of art. This is what makes art so interesting the fact that the market depends on the people one speaks to and what he or she believes or has strong feelings for. With being so broad more people can relate in one way or another, but it is something that is not happening due to people’s interests elsewhere. This has led to organizations today being created that are either legitimate or scams which is why in some cases people have a hard time trusting certain situations. The idea of tax advantages for certain organizations was mentioned in Halls article leading to these organizations being created over night in some cases to get in on these tax advantages. With these tax advantages that were starting to be given out to certain charity groups, local museums and theatres to name a few advocacy and lobbyist groups began to appear in larger numbers. These groups are created to try and preserve Art and the many great things that it has to offer in such a variety of different ways. Through music, dance or visual displays art allows people to express themselves in ways that they would normally not be able to do. A lot of credit for art being able to survive in today’s world goes to the generous donors and government tax grants and other incentives received due to a lack of interest in some cases. The operating costs for being involved with Art can get pretty high so having generous donations for people, businesses or governments allows these places to continue to operate. The impact of new technologies has changed how the word of art is interpreted for many people. This is done in many ways, with relation to artists and artwork people can now see their work online in most cases and do not need to fly across the world to see a famous painting. Listening to famous orchestras or musicals can now be done online as well taking away from experiences people can only get when they see the art performance first hand. Although in these cases new technologies seem to have hindered certain ideas that art tries to promote it has given people a chance to hear or see things they would not normally see because they are located in other parts of the world. With these new technologies at people’s disposal it gives more people a chance to explore and find out different forms of art. This is because people can take art for what they think it is, explore it with the technologies available and find other people who feel the same way. Regardless of how people feel politics in the end have a big say in how things are run and operated within certain jurisdictions with regards to the Arts. A big issue for politicians and the topic of art is now the security of the general public due to attacks stemming from certain beliefs or practices. Again another problem with politics is actually receiving the funding from the House or the Senate. In most cases a congressmen or senators have to be connected in some way or another to a certain museum or cause to receive a generous donation. Much has changed from the early times that date back to the Greeks with regards to how people saw and interpreted art. The roles it had on everyday life and culture have changed dramatically depending on where one decides to locate. Over time there have been many difficult days, months and years involving art and culture wars with many lives being taken in the end. The federal levels involvement in art is what is keeping it alive, mainly due to money investments and donations from the government, charities or private groups. A great example that was given in Halls article was how Museums generally get about 95–97 percent of their public sector funding from local and state government. Art is still important to many people’s livelihood because they depend on art to express how they feel or provide a living. The most come perception people get when they just hear the word art is associate it with paintings, drawings or something else one would see in a museum. While many people would agree with this the media in today’s world along with the technology at people’s fingertips has managed to almost hide art and make it not as powerful and meaningful as it once was on everyday life around the world. One can see that over time people’s views and desires have begun to steer away from being so involved with art directly. This is something that will ultimately take away from the meaning of great things that have had to deal with art in the past because people will not be informed or aware due to the lack of coverage and dependency on art.